Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia - SZB

694 Pages·2008·20.54 MB·English

Gary West,
Darryl Heard,
& Nigel Caulkett
Zoo Animal & Wildlife
Immobilization and Anesthesia
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ZOO ANIMAL AND WILDLIFE IMMOBILIZATION AND ANESTHESIA
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ZOO ANIMAL
AND WILDLIFE
IMMOBILIZATION
AND ANESTHESIA
Gary West, DVM, Dipl ACZM
Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden
Oklahoma State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine
Darryl Heard, BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM
University of Florida
College of Veterinary Medicine
Nigel Caulkett, DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA
University of Calgary
College of Veterinary Medicine
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Gary West, DVM, Dipl ACZM is the Director of Veterinary Disclaimer
Services at the Oklahoma City Zoo and an Adjunct Assistant The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific
Professor at Oklahoma State University. research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended
and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a
Darryl Heard, BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM is an Associate specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by practitioners for any
Professor and Service Chief of Zoological Medicine at the particular patient. The publisher and the author make no represen-
University of Florida. tations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness
of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all war-
Nigel Caulkett, DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA is a Professor of ranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of
Anesthesiology at the University of Calgary. fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equip-
ment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and
©2007 Blackwell Publishing the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines,
Chapters 23, 33, and 43 remain with the U.S. Government equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate
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Service is ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-2566-3/2007.
First edition, 2007
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia / [edited
by] Gary West, Darryl J. Heard, Nigel Caulkett.—1st ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8138-2566-3 (alk. paper)
1. Veterinary anesthesia. 2. Animal immobilization. I. West,
Gary (Gary Don), 1969- II. Heard, Darryl J. III. Caulkett, Nigel.
[DNLM: 1. Anesthesia—veterinary. 2. Animals, Wild. 3. Animals,
Zoo. 4. Immobilization—veterinary. SF 914 Z87 2007]
SF914.Z66 2007
636.089(cid:2)796ódc22
2007006836
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Contents
Contributors vii III. Physical Restraint
Preface xiii 12. Capture and Physical Restraint of 131
Zoo and Wild Animals
Acknowledgments xv
Todd Shury
I. Pharmacology and Drug Delivery
IV. Invertebrate, Fish, Amphibian,
1. Clinical Pharmacology 3 and Reptile Anesthesia
Kurt A. Grimm and Leigh A. Lamont
13. Invertebrates 147
2. Euthanasia 37 Cornelia Gunkel and Gregory A. Lewbart
Murray Woodbury
14. Boney Fish (Lungfish, Sturgeon, and 159
3. Wildlife Analgesia 43 Teleosts)
Karen L. Machin Donald L. Neiffer
4. Remote Drug Delivery 61 15. Elasmobranchs (Sharks, Rays, and Skates) 197
Ramiro Isaza M. Andrew Stamper
5. Mobile Inhalant Anesthesia 75 16. Amphibians 205
Techniques Mark Stetter
Bruce Heath
17. Crocodilian Capture and Restraint 211
Kent A. Vliet
II. Supportive Care, Monitoring, and
Complications 18. Crocodilians (Crocodiles, Alligators, 223
Caimans, Gharial)
6. Monitoring 83
Gregory J. Fleming
Darryl J. Heard
19. Squamates (Snakes and Lizards) 233
7. Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Support 93
Mads F. Bertelsen
Craig Mosley and Cornelia Gunkel
20. Venomous Reptile Restraint and Handling 245
8. Stress 103
Frederick B. Antonio
Jon M. Arnemo and Nigel Caulkett
21. Chelonians (Turtles, Tortoises, and 259
9. Thermoregulation 111
Terrapins)
Jeff C.H. Ko and Gary West
Juergen Schumacher
10. Capture Myopathy 115
Jessica Paterson V. Bird Anesthesia
11. Human Safety during Wildlife Capture 123 22. Cagebirds 269
Nigel Caulkett and Todd Shury Michelle G. Hawkins and Peter J. Pascoe
N
v
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vi CONTENTS
23. Free-Living Waterfowl and Shorebirds 299 42. Walrus 479
Daniel M. Mulcahy David B. Brunson
24. Ratites 325 43. Cetaceans 485
Jessica Siegal-Willott Chris Dold and Sam Ridgway
44. Sirenians (Manatees and Dugongs) 497
VI. Mammal Anesthesia
Elizabeth J. Chittick and Michael T. Walsh
25. Monotremes (Echidnas and Platypus) 337
45. Elephants and Hyrax 507
Peter Holz
William A. Horne and Michael R. Loomis
26. Marsupials 341
46. Non-domestic Equids 523
Peter Holz
Chris Walzer
27. Insectivores (Hedgehogs, Moles, and 347
47. Tapirs 533
Tenrecs)
Sonia M. Hernandez-Divers and James Bailey
Darryl J. Heard
48. Rhinoceroses 543
28. Edentates (Xenartha) 349
Robin W. Radcliffe and Peter vdB. Morkel
Gary West, Tracy Carter, and Jim Shaw
49. Non-domestic Suids 567
29. Tubulidentata and Pholidota 355
Luis R. Padilla and Jeff C.H. Ko
Jennifer N. Langan
50. Hippopotami 579
30. Chiropterans (Bats) 359
Michele Miller
Darryl J. Heard
51. Camelids 585
31. Prosimians 367
Khursheed R. Mama
Cathy V. Williams and Randall E. Junge
52. Giraffidae 595
32. Monkeys and Gibbons 375
Scott B. Citino and Mitchell Bush
Rolf-Arne Ølberg
53. Deer (Cervids) 607
33. Great Apes 387
Nigel Caulkett and Jerry C. Haigh
Jonathan Sleeman
54. Antelope 613
34. Canids 395
Ray L. Ball
R. Scott Larsen and Terry J. Kreeger
55. Gazelles 623
35. Bears 409
Gary West
Nigel Caulkett
56. Wild Sheep and Goats 629
36. Procyonids and Mustelids 417
Nigel Caulkett and Jerry C. Haigh
George Kollias and Noha Abou-Madi
57. Non-domestic Cattle 635
37. Viverrids 429
Thomas G. Curro
Anneke Moresco and Scott Larsen
58. Bison 643
38. Hyenas 437
Nigel Caulkett and Jerry C. Haigh
Nina Hahn, John M. Parker, Gregory Timmel,
Mary Weldele, and Gary West 59. Lagomorphs (Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas) 647
Darryl J. Heard
39. Felids 443
Conny Gunkel and Maud Lafortune 60. Rodents 655
Darryl J. Heard
40. Phocid Seals 459
Michael Lynch and Kate Bodley Index 665
41. Otariid Seals 469
Martin Haulena
N
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Contributors
Noha Abou-Madi, DVM, MSc, Dipl ACZM Mads F. Bertelsen, DVM, DVSc
Section of Wildlife Health Staff Veterinarian
Department of Clinical Sciences Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health
College of Veterinary Medicine Copenhagen Zoo
Cornell University Roskildevej 38
Ithaca, New York 14853-6401 DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
Phone: [phone] Phone/office: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Phone/cell: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected];[email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Fred Antonio
Kate Bodley
General Curator
Veterinarian, Melbourne Zoo
Central Florida Zoological Park
P.O. Box 74
P.O. Box 470309
Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
Lake Monroe, Florida 32747-0309
Phone: [phone]
Phone: [phone] ext 140
Fax: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Jon M. Arnemo, DVM, PhD David B. Brunson, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA
Professor and Wildlife Veterinarian Veterinary Specialty Team, Pfizer Animal Health
Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine 2780 Waubesa Avenue
Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology Madison, Wisconsin 53711
Norwegian School of Veterinary Science
Tromsø, Norway
Mitchell Bush, DVM, Dipl ACZM
Senior Veterinarian
James Bailey, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA
Conservation and Research Center
University of Florida
Smithsonian’s National Zoo
College of Veterinary Medicine
1500 Remount Road
Service Chief
Front Royal, Virginia 22630
Anesthesia and Pain Management
Phone: [phone]
P.O. Box 100136
Fax: [phone]
Gainesville, Florida 32610-0136
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Tracy Carer, BS, MS, PhD
Ray L. Ball, DVM, MRCVS Adjunct Professor
Associate Veterinarian Oklahoma State University
Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Department of Zoology
3605 Bougainvillea Avenue 415 LSW
Tampa, Florida 33612 Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
N
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
vii
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viii CONTRIBUTORS
Nigel. A Caulkett, DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA Nina Hahn, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACLAM
Professor of Anaesthesiology Associate Director
University of Calgary Office of Laboratory Animal Care
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Northwest Animal Facility, Room 203
3330 Hospital Drive NW University of California Berkeley
Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1 Berkeley, California 94720-7150
Phone: [phone]
Elizabeth Chittick, DVM, Dipl ACZM Fax: [phone]
Disney’s Animal Programs E-mail: [email protected]
1200 Savannah Circle East
Bay Lake, Florida 32830 Sonia Hernandez-Divers, DVM, Dipl ACZM
E-mail: [email protected] PhD Candidate and Adjunct Assistant Professor
Institute of Ecology and College of Veterinary Medicine
Scott B. Citino, DVM, Dipl ACZM University of Georgia
White Oak Conservation Center Athens, Georgia 30605
581705 White Oak Road Phone: [phone]
Yulee, Florida 32097 E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Jerry C. Haigh, BVMS, MSc, FRCVS, Dipl ACZM
E-mail: [email protected] Professor, Dept of Large Animal Clinical Sciences
University of Saskatchewan
Thomas G. Curro, DVM, MS 52 Campus Drive
Staff Veterinarian Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
Six Flags Great Adventure Wild Safari
Highway 537 Martin Haulena, DVM, MSc
Jackson, New Jersey 08527 Staff Veterinarian
Phone: [phone] ext. 2077 Vancouver Aquarium
E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 3232
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 3X8
Chris Dold Phone: [phone]
SeaWorld of Florida Fax: [phone]
Veterinary Services Department E-mail: [email protected]
7007 SeaWorld Drive
Orlando, Florida 32821 Michelle G. Hawkins, DVM, Dipl ABVP
Assistant Professor, Companion Exotic Animal
Gregory J. Fleming, DVM, Dipl ACZM Medicine and Surgery
Veterinarian, Disney’s Animal Programs Department of Medicine and Epidemiology
Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Animal Programs School of Veterinary Medicine
Administration Building University of California, Davis
Veterinary Services Davis, California 95616
1200 Savannah Circle, East Phone: [phone]
Bay Lake, Florida 32830 Fax: [phone]
Phone: [phone] E-mail: [email protected]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] Darryl J. Heard BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM
Associate Professor Zoological Medicine
Kurt Grimm, DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl ACVA and ACVCP Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Veterinary Specialist Services PC College of Veterinary Medicine
P.O. Box 504 University of Florida
Conifer, Colorado 80433 Gainesville, Florida 32610-0126
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone] ext. 4708
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Cornelia (Conny) Gunkel, Dr MedVet, Dipl ACVA Bruce Heath, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Seven Seven Anesthesia/Consulting
Oregon State University 4290 Crest Road
College of Veterinary Medicine Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-4006
219 Magruder Street
Corvallis, OR 97331 Peter Holz, BVSc, DVSc, MACUSc, Dipl ACZM
Phone: [phone] Associate Veterinarian
N Fax: [phone] Healesville Sanctuary
E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 248
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CONTRIBUTORS ix
Healesville, Victoria 3777 Atlantic Veterinary College
Australia 550 University Avenue
Phone: [phone] Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
Fax: [phone] Canada C1A 4P3
E-mail: [email protected] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
William H. Horne, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVA
Professor, Section of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Jennifer N. Langan, DVM, Dipl ACZM
Department of Clinical Sciences Clinical Assistant Professor Zoological Medicine
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois
Ithaca, New York 14853 College of Veterinary Medicine
Phone: [phone] Associate Zoo Veterinarian
Fax: [phone] Brookfield Zoo
E-mail: [email protected] 3300 Golf Road
Brookfield, Illinois 60513
Ramiro Isaza, MSc, DVM, Dipl ACZM Phone: [phone] ext. 596
Associate Professor Zoological Medicine Fax: [phone]
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences E-mail: [email protected]
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Florida R. Scott Larsen, DVM, MS, Dipl ACZM
Gainesville, Florida 32610-0126 Assistant Professor of Captive and
Phone: [phone] ext. 5743 Free-ranging Wildlife
E-mail: [email protected] University of California, Davis
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
Randall Junge, MS, DVM, Dipl ACZM One Shields Avenue
Director of Animal Health Davis, California 95616
St. Louis Zoo Phone: [phone]
1 Government Drive Fax: [phone]
Saint Louis, Missouri 63110 E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: [phone] ext. 487
Fax: [phone] Gregory A. Lewbart, MS, VMD, Dipl ACZM
E-mail: [email protected] Professor of Aquatic Animal Medicine
North Carolina State University
Jeff Ko, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA College of Veterinary Medicine
Professor Veterinary Anesthesia 4700 Hillsborough Street
Department of Clinical Sciences Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
School of Veterinary Medicine Phone: [phone]
Purdue University Fax: [phone]
625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2026 E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Michael Loomis, DVM, Dipl ACZM
E-mail: [email protected] Chief Veterinarian
North Carolina Zoological Park
George V. Kollias, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACZM 4401 Zoo Parkway
J. Hyman Professor of Wildlife Medicine Asheboro, North Carolina 27205
College of Veterinary Medicine Phone: [phone]
Cornell University Fax: [phone]
Ithaca, New York 14853 E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Michael Lynch
E-mail: [email protected] Veterinarian, Melbourne Zoo
P.O. Box 74
Maud Lafortune, DMV, MSc, Dipl ACZM Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
Associate Veterinarian Phone: [phone]
Houston Zoo, Inc. Fax: [phone]
1513 North MacGregor Drive E-mail: [email protected]
Houston, Texas 77030
Phone: [phone] Karen Machin, DVM, MSc, PhD
E-mail: [email protected] Associate Professor
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Leigh A. Lamont, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA University of Saskatchewan
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology 52 Campus Drive N
Department of Companion Animals Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
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x CONTRIBUTORS
Khursheed Mama, BVSC, DVM, Dipl ACVA Rolf-Arne Ølberg, DVM, DVSc
Associate Professor Director of Animal Care
Department of Clinical Sciences Kristiansand Dyrepark
Colorado State University 4609 Kardemomme By
Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Norway
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Michele Miller, DVM, PhD Luis R. Padilla, DVM
Veterinary Services Operation Manager Veterinary Medical Officer
Disney’s Animal Kingdom Smithsonian National Zoological Park
1200 North Savannah Circle East 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW
Bay Lake, Florida 32830 Washington, D.C. 20008
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Anneke Moresco, DVM, MS, PhD Candidate John M. Parker, DVM
University of California, Davis Campus Veterinarian
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Office of Laboratory Animal Care
Immunology Northwest Animal Facility, Room 203
1126 Haring Hall University of California Berkeley
One Shields Avenue Berkeley, California 94720-7150
Davis, California 95616 Phone: [phone]
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Fax: [phone] E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Peter J. Pascoe, BVSc, Dipl ACVA
Professor of Veterinary Anesthesiology and
Pete vdB Morkel, BVSc
Critical Patient Care
Rhino Coordinator
Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences
Frankfurt Zoological Society
School of Veterinary Medicine
Ngorongoro Conservation Area
University of California, Davis
P.O. Box 1
Davis, California 95616
Ngorongoro, Tanzania
Phone: [phone]
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Craig Mosley, DVM, MSc, Dipl ACVA
Jessica M. Paterson, DVM, MVetSc
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology
Associate Professor of Anaesthesiology
Oregon State University
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
229 Magruder
University of Saskatchewan
Corvallis, OR 97331
52 Campus Drive
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
Daniel M. Mulcahy, PhD, DVM, Dipl ACZM
Wildlife Veterinarian Robin W. Radcliffe, DVM, Dipl ACZM
U.S. Geological Survey Rhinoceros Conservation Medicine Program
Alaska Science Center International Rhino Foundation/Cornell University
1011 East Tudor Road 525 Spencer Road
Anchorage, Alaska 99503 Ithaca, New York 14850
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Donald L. Neiffer, VMD, Dipl ACZM Sam Ridgway, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACZM
Veterinary Operations Manager UCSD Veterinary Services
Disney’s Animal Programs SSC SD 235 PLBS 53560 Hull Street
P.O. Box 10,000 San Diego, California 92152-5001
Lake Buena Vista, Florida 32830 Phone: [phone]
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
N Fax: [phone] E-mail: [email protected]