Zonal Jets: Phenomenology, Genesis, and Physics

524 Pages·2019·160.148 MB·English

by  Boris Galperin, Peter L Read

Zonal Jets
Phenomenology, Genesis,andPhysics
In recent decades, great progress has been made in our understanding of zonal jets across
manydisciplines–atmosphericscience,oceanography,planetaryscience,geophysicalfluid
dynamics, plasma physics, magnetohydrodynamics, turbulence theory – but communica-
tion between researchers from different fields has been weak or non-existent. Even the
terminology may be so disparate that researchers working on similar problems do not
understand each other. This comprehensive, multidisciplinary volume will break cross-
disciplinary barriers and aid the advancement of the subject. It presents a state-of-the-art
summary of all relevant branches of the physics of zonal jets, from the leading experts.
The phenomena and concepts are introduced at a level accessible to beginning graduate
students and researchers from different fields. The book also includes a very extensive
bibliography.
BORIS GALPERIN isanassociateprofessorintheCollegeofMarineScienceattheUni-
versity of South Florida, where he has received two Outstanding Research Achievement
Awards.Hediscoveredadeepsimilaritybetweenzonaljetsinoceansandongiantplanets,
conductslaboratoryinvestigationsemulatinggeophysicalandplanetaryflows,andisaco-
developerofananalyticaltheoryofanisotropicturbulencethatexplainsobservedspectraup
tonumericalcoefficients.
PETER L. READ isaprofessorintheDepartmentofPhysicsattheUniversityofOxford.
He is best known for research on laboratory analogues of atmospheric and oceanic circu-
lation, and for studies of the dynamics of almost all Solar System planets (including the
Earth).Hewasaco-investigatorontheCassiniandMarsReconnaissanceOrbitermissions.
He was awarded the Adrian Gill Prize of the Royal Meteorological Society and the Lewis
Fry Richardson Medal of the European Geosciences Union for interdisciplinary contribu-
tionstothenonlineardynamicsofrotatingfluidsandplanetaryatmospheres.

ZONAL JETS
Phenomenology, Genesis, and Physics
Editedby
BORIS GALPERIN
UniversityofSouthFlorida,St.Petersburg
PETER L. READ
UniversityofOxford,Oxford
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA
477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia
314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India
79AnsonRoad,#06-04/06,Singapore079906
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107043886
DOI:10.1017/9781107358225
©CambridgeUniversityPress2019
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2019
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Galperin,Boris,editor.|Read,PeterL.,1953–editor.
Title:Zonaljets:phenomenology,genesis,andphysics/editedbyBoris
Galperin(UniversityofSouthFlorida,SaintPetersburg),PeterL.Read
(UniversityofOxford,Oxford).
Description:Cambridge;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2019]|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2018039871|ISBN9781107043886(hardback)|
ISBN9781107619562(pbk.)
Subjects:LCSH:Jets.|Zonalwinds.|Jetstream.|Winds.|Waterjets.|Turbulence.
Classification:LCCQC935.Z662019|DDC551.51/83–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018039871
ISBN978-1-107-04388-6Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
CONTENTS
ListofContributors pageix
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xv
ListofAbbreviations xvii
Dedications:RaymondHideandGarethP.Williams xix
I Introduction
1 TheWorldofJets 3
BORIS GALPERIN AND PETER L. READ
II ZonalJetsinNature
2 TerrestrialAtmospheres 9
JONATHAN L. MITCHELL, THOMAS BIRNER, GUILLAUME LAPEYRE,
NOBORU NAKAMURA, PETER L. READ, GWENDAL RIVIÈRE, AGUSTÍN
SÁNCHEZ-LAVEGA AND GEOFFREY K. VALLIS
3 Oceans 46
PETER C. CORNILLON, ERIC FIRING, ANDREW F. THOMPSON,
LEONID M. IVANOV, IGOR KAMENKOVICH, CHRISTIAN E. BUCKINGHAM
AND YAKOV D. AFANASYEV
4 GasGiants 72
AGUSTÍN SÁNCHEZ-LAVEGA, LAWRENCE A. SROMOVSKY, ADAM P.
SHOWMAN, ANTHONY D. DEL GENIO, ROLAND M. B. YOUNG, RICARDO
HUESO, ENRIQUE GARCÍA-MELENDO, YOHAI KASPI, GLENN S. ORTON,
NAIARA BARRADO-IZAGIRRE, DAVID S. CHOI AND JOHN M. BARBARA
5 ExoplanetsandtheSun 104
JAMES Y-K. CHO, HEIDAR TH. THRASTARSON, TOMMI T. KOSKINEN,
PETER L.READ, STEVEN M. TOBIAS, WOOSOK MOON AND
JACK W. SKINNER
III JetsinLaboratories
6 ZonalJetFlowsintheLaboratory:AnIntroduction 119
PETER L. READ
7 ConvectivelyDrivenTurbulence,RossbyWavesandZonalJets:
ExperimentsontheCoriolisPlatform 135
PETER L. READ, JOEL SOMMERIA AND ROLAND M. B. YOUNG
8 Turbulence,RossbyWavesandZonalJetsonthePolar β-Plane:
ExperimentswithLaboratoryAltimetry 152
YAKOV D. AFANASYEV
vi Contents
9 ZonalJetsintheLaboratory:ExperimentswithElectromagnetically
ForcedFlows 167
STEFANIA ESPA, GABRIELLA DI NITTO, BORIS GALPERIN AND JESSE
HOEMANN
IV ZonalFlowsinMagneticallyConfinedPlasmas
10 Theory 181
PAUL W. TERRY
11 Experiments 194
TERESA ESTRADA
V GenesisandMaintenanceofZonalJets:Turbulence
andInstabilities
12 GeneralResultsonZonationinRotatingSystemswitha β-Effect
andtheElectromagneticForce 209
BIN CHENG AND ALEX MAHALOV
13 BarotropicandZonostrophicTurbulence 220
BORIS GALPERIN, SEMION SUKORIANSKY, ROLAND M. B. YOUNG,
REI CHEMKE, YOHAI KASPI, PETER L. READ AND NADEJDA
DIKOVSKAYA
14 ZonalJetFormationbyPotentialVorticityMixingatLargeand
SmallScales 238
RICHARD K. SCOTT AND DAVID G. DRITSCHEL
15 RadiatingInstability 247
JINBO WANG, MICHAEL A. SPALL, JOSEPH PEDLOSKY AND
IGOR KAMENKOVICH
16 ModulationalInstabilityinBasicPlasmaandGeophysicalModels 255
BRENDA E. QUINN, SERGEY V. NAZARENKO, COLM P. CONNAUGHTON,
STEVEN GALLAGHER AND BOGDAN HNAT
17 β-PlumeMechanismofZonalJetCreationbyaSpatially
LocalizedForcing 266
YAKOV D. AFANASYEV AND LEONID M. IVANOV
18 MeridionalPropagationofZonalJetsinOceanGyres 284
BALASUBRAMANYA T. NADIGA AND DAVID N. STRAUB
19 DynamicsofBaroclinicMultipleZonalJets 292
PAVEL BERLOFF AND IGOR KAMENKOVICH
VI GenesisandMaintenanceofZonalJets:StatisticalTheories
20 StatisticalClosuresandZonalFlows 309
JOHN A. KROMMES AND JEFFREY B. PARKER
21 DirectStatisticalSimulationofaJet 332
J. BRAD MARSTON, WANMING QI AND STEVEN M. TOBIAS
22 ZonalFlowsasStatisticalEquilibria 347
FREDDY BOUCHET AND ANTOINE VENAILLE
Contents vii
23 ZonostrophyandOtherQuadraticInvariantsinDriftand
Quasi-GeostrophicWaveTurbulence 360
KATIE L. HARPER, BRENDA E. QUINN, SERGEY V. NAZARENKO AND
MIGUEL D. BUSTAMANTE
24 KineticTheoryandQuasi-LinearTheoriesofJetDynamics 368
FREDDY BOUCHET, CESARE NARDINI AND TOMÁS TANGARIFE
25 StatisticalStateDynamics:ANewPerspectiveonTurbulencein
ShearFlow 380
BRIAN F. FARRELL AND PETROS J. IOANNOU
26 ZonalFlowasPatternFormation 401
JEFFREY B. PARKER AND JOHN A. KROMMES
27 EmergenceofNonzonalCoherentStructures 419
NIKOLAOS A. BAKAS AND PETROS J. IOANNOU
VII MaterialTransportinFlowswithJets
28 AnisotropicandInhomogeneousEddy-InducedTransport
inFlowswithJets 437
IGOR KAMENKOVICH, PAVEL BERLOFF AND IRINA I. RYPINA
29 Turbulence,DiffusionandMixingBarriersinFlowswithZonalJets 450
BORIS GALPERIN, SEMION SUKORIANSKY, STEFANIA ESPA,
GUGLIELMO LACORATA, NADEJDA DIKOVSKAYA AND
JESSE HOEMANN
References 461
Index 502

CONTRIBUTORS
YAKOV D. AFANASYEV REI CHEMKE
MemorialUniversityofNewfoundland DepartmentofAppliedPhysicsandApplied
DepartmentofPhysicsandPhysicalOceanography Mathematics
Canada ColumbiaUniversity
USA
NIKOLAOS A. BAKAS
LaboratoryofMeteorologyandClimatology BIN CHENG
DepartmentofPhysics DepartmentofMathematics
UniversityofIoannina UniversityofSurrey
Greece UnitedKingdom
JOHN M. BARBARA JAMES Y-K. CHO
NASA,GoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy
USA QueenMaryUniversityofLondon
UnitedKingdom
NAIARA BARRADO-IZAGIRRE
EscueladeIngenieríadeBilbao DAVID S. CHOI
DepartmentofPlanetarySciences
Dpt.FísicaAplicadaI
UniversityofArizona
UniversidaddelPaísVasco
USA
Spain
COLM P. CONNAUGHTON
PAVEL BERLOFF
CentreforComplexityScience
DepartmentofMathematics
UniversityofWarwick
ImperialCollegeLondon
UnitedKingdom
UnitedKingdom
PETER C. CORNILLON
THOMAS BIRNER GraduateSchoolofOceanography
MeteorologicalInstitute
UniversityofRhodeIsland
Ludwig-Maximilians-University
USA
Germany
ANTHONY D. DEL GENIO
FREDDY BOUCHET NASA,GoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies
ENSdeLyon,CNRS,UCBL USA
LaboratoiredePhysique,UniversitédeLyon
France NADEJDA DIKOVSKAYA
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
CHRISTIAN E. BUCKINGHAM Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev
NationalOceanographyCentre Israel
UniversityofSouthampton
UnitedKingdom GABRIELLA DI NITTO
DICEA
MIGUEL D. BUSTAMANTE SapienzaUniversitàdiRoma
ComplexandAdaptiveSystemsLaboratory Italy
SchoolofMathematicsandStatistics
UniversityCollegeDublin DAVID G. DRITSCHEL
Ireland SchoolofMathematicsandStatistics
UniversityofStAndrews
UnitedKingdom
x ListofContributors
STEFANIA ESPA PETROS J. IOANNOU
DICEA DepartmentofPhysics
SapienzaUniversitàdiRoma NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens
Italy Greece
TERESA ESTRADA LEONID M. IVANOV
LaboratorioNacionaldeFusion DepartmentofOceanography
CIEMAT NavalPostgraduateSchool
Spain USA
BRIAN F. FARRELL IGOR KAMENKOVICH
DepartmentofEarthandPlanetarySciences RosenstielSchoolofMarineandAtmosphericScience
HarvardUniversity UniversityofMiami
USA USA
ERIC FIRING YOHAI KASPI
DepartmentofOceanography DepartmentofEarthandPlanetarySciences
UniversityofHawai’iatManoa WeizmannInstituteofScience
USA Israel
STEVEN GALLAGHER TOMMI T. KOSKINEN
DepartmentofPhysics DepartmentofPlanetarySciences
UniversityofWarwick LunarandPlanetaryLaboratory
UnitedKingdom UniversityofArizona
USA
BORIS GALPERIN
CollegeofMarineScience JOHN A. KROMMES
UniversityofSouthFlorida PlasmaPhysicsLaboratory,MS28
USA PrincetonUniversity
USA
ENRIQUE GARCÍA-MELENDO
EscueladeIngenieríadeBilbao GUGLIELMO LACORATA
DepartamentoFísicaAplicadaI ISAC,NationalResearchCouncil
UniversidaddelPaísVasco Italy
Spain
GUILLAUME LAPEYRE
KATIE L. HARPER LaboratoiredeMétéorologieDynamique/IPSL
MathematicsInstitute CNRS/EcoleNormaleSupérieure
UniversityofWarwick France
UnitedKingdom
ALEX MAHALOV
BOGDAN HNAT SchoolofMathematicalandStatisticalSciences
DepartmentofPhysics ArizonaStateUniversity
UniversityofWarwick USA
UnitedKingdom
J. BRAD MARSTON
JESSE HOEMANN DepartmentofPhysics
CollegeofMarineScience BrownUniversity
UniversityofSouthFlorida USA
USA
JONATHAN L. MITCHELL
RICARDO HUESO AtmosphericandOceanicSciences
EscueladeIngenieríadeBilbao Earth,PlanetaryandSpaceSciences
DepartamentoFísicaAplicadaI UniversityofCalifornia–LosAngeles
UniversidaddelPaísVasco USA
Spain