Table Of ContentZika Virus and Diseases
Zika Virus and Diseases
From Molecular Biology to Epidemiology
Suzane Ramos da Silva
Fan Cheng
Shou‐Jiang Gao
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California, USA
This edition first published 2018
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Contents
Preface ix
List of Abbreviations xi
1 The History of ZIKV Discovery 1
1.1 ZIKV Isolation from Monkeys and Mosquitos 1
1.2 ZIKV Infection in Humans 6
1.3 ZIKV Infection Spread to Other Hosts and Regions 7
1.4 Cross‐Paths between ZIKV and Other Flaviviruses 9
References 10
2 ZIKV: From Silent to Epidemic 15
2.1 Outbreak in Yap Island (2007) 15
2.2 Outbreak in French Polynesia (2013) 16
2.3 How Did ZIKV Reach Brazil? 18
2.4 Outbreak in Brazil (2015) 18
2.5 ZIKV Spread through South, Central, and North Americas 20
References 22
3 ZIKV Transmission and Prevention 29
3.1 Modes of Transmission 29
3.2 Prevention 37
References 40
4 Association with Guillain‐Barré Syndrome and Microcephaly 49
4.1 Association with Neurological Disorders 49
References 58
vi Contents
5 ZIKV Animal Models 69
5.1 Animal Models: Embryonated Hen Eggs 69
5.2 Animal Models: Landrace Piglet 69
5.3 Animal Models: Mice 70
5.4 Animal Model: Nonhuman Primate 74
References 78
6 Biology of ZIKV 83
6.1 Structural and Physical Properties of ZIKV Virion 84
6.2 Binding and Entry 87
6.3 Genome Structure 89
6.4 Translation and Proteolytic Processing 91
6.5 Features of the Nonstructural Proteins 92
6.6 RNA Replication 100
6.7 Features of the Structural Proteins 104
6.8 Virus Assembly and Release from Virus‐Infected Cells 107
References 109
7 Zika Virus (ZIKV) Strains and Lineages 131
7.1 East and West African Lineage 131
7.2 Africa vs. Asian/American Lineage 132
References 140
8 ZIKV‐Host Interactions 147
8.1 Systematic Studies to Identify ZIKV Affected Functions
and Pathways 147
8.2 Induction and Dysregulation of Innate Immune Responses
during ZIKV Infection 150
8.3 Induction of Cell Death and Apoptosis by ZIKV 156
8.4 Induction of Autophagy by ZIKV 160
8.5 Dysregulation of Cell Cycle and Induction of Abnormal
Mitosis by ZIKV 163
References 164
9 Inhibitors of ZIKV Replication and Infection 179
9.1 Drugs That Lead to the Destruction of ZIKV Virions 179
9.2 Drugs That Inhibit ZIKV Entry and Endocytosis 180
9.3 Drugs That Target ZIKV NS2B‐NS3 Protease Activity 186
9.4 Drugs That Target ZIKV NS5 RNA‐Dependent RNA
Polymerase Activity 191
Contents vii
9.5 Neutralizing Antibodies That Target ZIKV Structural
Protein 200
9.6 Drugs That Inhibit ZIKV Infection by Targeting
Host Machinery 201
9.7 Drugs That Show Neuroprotective Activity but Do Not
Suppress ZIKV Replication: Emricasan 205
9.8 Other Drugs That Inhibit ZIKV Infection Identified
from a Screening of FDA‐Approved Drugs 206
References 210
10 Long‐Term Care and Perspectives 229
10.1 Prenatal Care and Diagnosis of Abnormal
Fetus Development 229
10.2 Long‐Term Care for Patients Affected by ZIKV 230
10.3 Assistance to Families with Children Affected by ZIKV 230
10.4 Perspectives 231
References 232
Index 237
