Table Of ContentDigital & Wireless Communications ZJW ZigBee®
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Compared with other wireless communication technologies, such as Bluetooth, WiFi, ggg
and UWB, ZigBee® is a far more reliable, affordable, and energy-efficient option. It
Network Protocols
is also the only global wireless communication standard for easily deployed, low-
power consumption products.
Z
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ZigBee® Network Protocols and Applications provides detailed descriptions g and Applications
of ZigBee network protocols and explains how to set up and develop your own B
ZigBee-based customized applications with step-by-step instructions. Starting with e
a brief introduction to near-field communications, low-power communications, and e
®
related protocols, it discusses ZigBee architectures, standards, and protocols. It also
addresses potential issues such as power management, security, reliability, quality of N
service, topology control, MAC routing, and transport protocols. e
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Emphasizing development tools that are based on readily available commercial kits, w
the book illustrates ZigBee applications across a wide range of fields. Each chapter o
presents the contributions of a different group of experts from around the world. The r
book is organized into five major parts: k
P
• Introduces near-field communications (NFC), low-power communications,
r
and ZigBee along with related protocols such as Bluetooth, WiFi, UWB,
o
and Wireless USB
t
o
• Describes ZigBee architectures, standards, and protocols
c
• Examines ZigBee performance improvement and addresses potential issues
o
• Illustrates ZigBee applications across a range of fields—explaining how to l
s
develop ZigBee applications that are based on commercially available kits
a
and hardware
n
• Compares and contrasts ZigBee with 6LoWPAN, Z-Wave, Wireless Hart,
d
and RFID
A
Providing step-by-step instruction on how to set up and develop ZigBee-based p
applications, this book is a must-read for researchers and engineers. Supplying p
the required foundation and network protocols, it is also suitable for use as a l
i
textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in electrical or computer c
a
engineering programs.
t
i
o Edited by
K10821
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Network Protocols
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ZigBee®
Network Protocols
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• •
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Contents
ListofFigures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
ListofTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
1 BackgroundIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GuangYang
1.1 NFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 ModulationandCoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 TwoCommunicationModes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.4 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 IEEE802.11/WiFi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1.1 EvolutionofIEEE802.11 . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1.2 ArchitectureofIEEE802.11 . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 IEEE802.11b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2.1 ChannelSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2.2 ModulationTechnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2.3 PhysicalLayerFrameFormat . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.2.4 Access Method in Media Access Control
(MAC)Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.3 IEEE802.11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.3.1 ModulationTechnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.3.2 PhysicalLayerFrameFormat . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 802.15.1/Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
v
vi (cid:4) Contents
1.3.2 PHYLayerSpecificationsandFeatures . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.2.1 FrequencyBandandChannel . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.2.2 ModulationTechnique:GFSK . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.2.3 PowerClass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.2.4 UsingFHSSandTDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.2.5 PhysicalLinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.3 NetworkTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 802.15.4Low-RateWPAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.1 IEEE802.15.4Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.2 TypeofDevice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.3 Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.4 PHYLayerSpecification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.4.1 SpreadandModulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.4.2 PPDUFrameFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.4.3 ClearChannelAssessment(CCA) . . . . . . . 21
1.4.5 MACSpecification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.5.1 SuperframeStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.5.2 TransmissionMechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.5.3 MACLayerFrameFormat . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.6 ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.6.2 Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.6.3 ZigBeeNetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2 ZigBeeandIEEE802.15.4Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Yu-DooKim,Il-YoungMoon
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2 ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.1 ZigBeeArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.2 ApplicationLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.2.1 APS(ApplicationSupportSub-layer) . . . . . 34
2.2.2.2 ApplicationFramework. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.2.3 ZDO(ZigBeeDeviceObjects) . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.3 NetworkLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.3.1 NLDE(NetworkLayerDataEntity) . . . . . . 37
2.2.3.2 NLME(NetworkLayerManagementEntity) . 37
2.2.3.3 ServiceSpecification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.4 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.4.1 Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.4.2 NetworkLayerSecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.4.3 APLLayerSecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.4.4 TrustCenterRole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3 IEEE802.15.4Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.2 NetworkTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Contents (cid:4) vii
2.3.2.1 StarNetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.2.2 Peer-to-PeerNetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3.3 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3.3.1 PHYLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.3.3.2 MACLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.4 FrameStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.4.1 SuperFrame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.4.2 BeaconFrame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.4.3 DataFrame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.4.4 AcknowledgementFrame . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.4.5 MACCommandFrame . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.5 ChannelAccessMechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3.6 GTSAllocationandManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4 RelatedMACStandards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4.0.1 IEEE802.15.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4.0.2 IEEE802.15.4eWPANEnhancement . . . . . 50
2.4.0.3 IEEE802.15.4fforRFID . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4.0.4 IEEE802.15.4gforSmartUtility . . . . . . . 51
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3 PerformanceAnalysisoftheIEEE802.15.4MACLayer . . . . . . . . 53
M.R.Palattella,A.Faridi,G.Boggia,P.Camarda,L.A.Grieco,M.Dohler,
A.Lozano
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2 IEEE802.15.4WPANs:AnOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.1 SuperframeStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2.2 TheSlottedCSMA/CAMechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3 MarkovChainsfortheSlottedCSMA/CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4 SystemModelandNotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.1 MarkovChainModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.4.2 DiscussionofthePollinModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.5.1 AverageDelay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.5.2 AveragePowerConsumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.5.3 MeanNumberofBackoffsandCCAs . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5.3.1 MeanNumberofBackoffs . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5.3.2 MeanNumberofCCAs . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.5.4 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.6 AnalysisoftheModelAssumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.6.1 DependenceofαandβontheBackoffStage . . . . . . 79
3.6.2 Dependence of the Backoff Stage of a Node on That of
OtherNodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.7 ConclusionandOutlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
viii (cid:4) Contents
4 AdvancedMACProtocolsforZigBeeNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
BaozhiChen,DarioPompili
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.2.1 One-channelMACProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.2 Multi-channelMACProtocolswithOneTransceiver . . . 98
4.2.3 Multi-channelMACProtocolswithMultipleTransceivers 100
4.2.4 PacketSchedulingAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3 ProposedCross-layerMulti-channelCommunicationSolution . . 104
4.3.1 MotivationsfortheCross-layerMulti-channelSolution . 104
4.3.2 ProposedMQ-MACProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.3.3 ChannelQualityBasedRouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3.4 Cross-layerSolution:CQBR+MQ-MAC+Scheduling . 112
4.4 PerformanceEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.4.1 ExperimentScenario:HealthcareMonitoring. . . . . . . 115
4.4.2 ExperimentResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.5 ConclusionsandFutureWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5 EnergyOptimizationTechniquesforthePHYandMACLayersofIEEE
802.15.4/ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Al-KhateebAnwar,LucianoLavagno
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.2 OverviewofZigBee/IEEE802.15.4Protocols . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.3 PhysicalLayerEnergyConsumptionModel . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.3.1 PhysicalLayerEnergyConsumptionMinimizationModel 133
5.3.2 Energy Consumption for Multi-hop Transmission with
UnknownNumberofHops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.3.3 Energy Consumption for Multi-hop Transmission with
KnownNumberofHopsandDifferentDistances. . . . . 137
5.3.4 Energy Consumption for Multi-hop Transmission with
UnknownNumberofHopsandDifferentDistances . . . 138
5.4 PowerEfficientMACProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.4.1 InitializationPhase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.4.2 OptimumTreeNetworkDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.4.3 PeriodicListeningandSleepPhase . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.4.4 SelectingtheNumberofRequiredGTSSlots. . . . . . . 144
5.5 ZigBeeCrossLayerOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.6 MATLAB(cid:13)R /Simulink(cid:13)R Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.6.1 SimulationResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6 SecurityIssuesinZigBeeNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
SudipMisra,SumitGoswami
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.1.1 ZigBeeandItsApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Contents (cid:4) ix
6.1.2 ZigBeeNetworkSecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.1.3 ZigBeeSecurityProblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6.2 OverviewofZigBeeSecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.2.1 SecurityIssuesinWiredversusSensorNetwork . . . . . 165
6.2.2 DesignIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.2.3 TypesofKeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.2.3.1 MasterKey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.2.3.2 NetworkKey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.2.3.3 LinkKey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.2.4 KeyManagementandTrustSetup. . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.2.4.1 TrustCenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.3 Securityin802.15.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.3.1 SecurityServices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.3.2 SecurityModes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.3.3 SecuritySuite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.3.3.1 CTRMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.3.3.2 CBC-MACMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.3.4 CCMMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.4 ZigBeeVulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.4.1 VulnerabilityAttacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6.4.2 Countermeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.5 FutureDirectionsforResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.5.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
7 CoexistenceIssuesbetweenZigBeeandOtherNetworks . . . . . . . . 183
DanKeunSung,JoWoonChong,SuMinKim
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.2 PerformanceAnalysisofZigBeeNetworksinthePresenceof
Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.2.1 EmpiricalMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.2.1.1 ZigBeeinthePresenceofaWLANInterferer . 187
7.2.1.2 ZigBeeinthePresenceofaMicrowaveOven
Interferer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2.1.3 ZigBeeinthePresenceofbothWLANand
MicrowaveOvenInterferers . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.2.2 MathematicalModelingandSimulation . . . . . . . . . 191
7.2.2.1 ZigBeeinthePresenceofBluetooth
Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.2.2.2 ZigBeeinthePresenceofWLANInterference 198
7.3 InterferenceAvoidance/MitigationAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.3.1 Self-InterferenceAvoidanceAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . 200
7.3.1.1 Hopping-BasedSelf-InterferenceAvoidance
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.3.1.2 AdaptiveInterference-AwareMulti-Channel
ClusteringAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
