Table Of ContentZero to Mastery in
DISASTER AND EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
Zero to Mastery in
DISASTER AND EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
• Shadab Saifi (Illustrator) • Ayaz Uddin (Editor)
AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY
V E I
AYU DUCATION OF NDIA
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Copyright © Vayu Education of India
First Edition: 2022
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C
ontents
1. INTRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENT ..........................................1-34
1.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 BASICS OF ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................ 1
1.2.1 Lithosphere................................................................................................................1
1.2.2 Atmosphere...............................................................................................................2
1.2.3 Hydrosphere..............................................................................................................3
1.2.4 Biosphere..................................................................................................................3
1.3 TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT............................................................................................... 3
1.4 COMPONENT OF ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................... 3
1.4.1 Biotic or Living..........................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Abiotic or Nonliving...................................................................................................4
1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS....................................................................................... 5
1.5.1 Pollutant ....................................................................................................................5
1.5.2 Types of pollution ......................................................................................................6
1.6 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES......................................... 6
1.6.1 Effects of Air Pollution..............................................................................................6
1.6.2 Effects of Water Pollution.........................................................................................6
1.6.3 Effects of Soil Pollution.............................................................................................7
1.6.4 Effects of Radio Active Pollution..............................................................................7
1.6.5 Effects of Noise Pollution.........................................................................................7
1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTS AND REGULATIONS ..................................................................... 7
1.7.1 Various Acts for Protection of Environment.............................................................8
1.8 ECOLOGY.................................................................................................................... 9
1.8.1 Classification of Ecology.........................................................................................10
1.9 ECOSYSTEM................................................................................................................11
1.9.1 Types.......................................................................................................................11
1.9.2 Functions.................................................................................................................11
1.9.3 Other Types of Ecosystem......................................................................................12
1.10 BASICS OF SPECIES .....................................................................................................13
1.11 ENERGY FLOW............................................................................................................13
1.11.1 Food Chain..............................................................................................................14
1.11.2 Food Web................................................................................................................15
1.12 ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS..............................................................................................15
1.12.1 Pyramids of Numbers.............................................................................................15
1.12.2 Pyramid of Biomass................................................................................................17
vi Zero to Mastery in Disaster and Emergency Management
1.12.3 Pyramid of Energy..................................................................................................17
1.13 BIODIVERSITY..............................................................................................................17
1.13.1 Types.......................................................................................................................17
1.13.2 Pattern.....................................................................................................................18
1.13.3 Importance..............................................................................................................18
1.13.4 Conservation ...........................................................................................................19
1.14 POPULATION DYNAMICS ..............................................................................................19
1.15 POPULATION GROWTH.................................................................................................19
1.15.1 Population Growth Curve........................................................................................20
1.15.2 Malthusian Theory of Population ............................................................................20
1.16 RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY ...............................................................................23
1.16.1 Renewable Sources.................................................................................................23
1.16.2 Non-Renewable Sources ........................................................................................29
1.17 BIO GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES IN ENVIRONMENT..............................................................29
1.17.1 Phosphorus Cycle....................................................................................................29
1.17.2 Nitrogen Cycle........................................................................................................30
1.17.3 Water or Hydrological Cycle...................................................................................31
1.17.4 Oxygen Cycle .........................................................................................................32
1.17.5 Carbon Cycle ..........................................................................................................32
1.17.6 Sulphur Cycle..........................................................................................................33
Review Questions.............................................................................................................33
Last year Questions .........................................................................................................34
2. WATER ................................................................................35-73
2.1 QUANTITY OF POTABLE WATER.....................................................................................35
2.2 QUALITY OF POTABLE WATER.......................................................................................36
2.2.1 Physical Parameters ...............................................................................................36
2.2.2 Chemical Parameters..............................................................................................38
2.2.3 Microbiological Parameters.....................................................................................41
2.3 WATER SOURCES.........................................................................................................44
2.3.1 Ground Water Sources............................................................................................45
2.3.2 Surface Water Sources...........................................................................................45
2.3.3 Common Impurities in Water ..................................................................................45
2.4 BASIC OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME...............................................................................46
2.5 WASTE-WATER : MANAGEMENT, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ..........................................48
2.5.1 Nature of munsipal Waste-Water............................................................................48
2.5.2 Waste-Water Treatment Methods...........................................................................50
2.5.2.1 Physical unit operations ...........................................................................50
2.5.2.2 Chemical unit processes..........................................................................51
2.5.2.3 Biological unit processes..........................................................................54
2.5.3 Application of Treatment Methods..........................................................................58
Contents vii
2.5.4 Management of Treated Effluent............................................................................59
2.5.4.1 Effluent Reclamation and Reuse.............................................................59
2.5.4.2 Effluent Disposal .....................................................................................60
2.6 SAVING IN USE OF WATER............................................................................................61
2.7 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ...............................................................................................62
2.8 SEPTIC TANKS ............................................................................................................63
2.9 ONSITE SANITATION ....................................................................................................65
2.10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT .........................................................................66
2.10.1 Necessity of EIA....................................................................................................67
2.10.2 Contents of an EIA.................................................................................................67
2.10.3 EIA Methodologies..................................................................................................68
Review Questions.............................................................................................................72
Last year Questions .........................................................................................................72
3. POLLUTION........................................................................74-134
3.1 AIR POLLUTION...........................................................................................................74
3.1.1 Sources of Air Pollution...........................................................................................75
3.1.2 Air Pollutants...........................................................................................................77
3.1.3 Harmful Effect of Air Pollution...............................................................................85
3.1.4 Control of Air Pollution............................................................................................87
3.1.5 Air Pollution Control Devices..................................................................................88
3.1.6 NOx control ............................................................................................................92
3.1.7 VOC Abatement.....................................................................................................93
3.2 NOISE POLLUTION.......................................................................................................93
3.2.1 What is Noise?........................................................................................................94
3.2.2 Measurement ..........................................................................................................95
3.2.3 Sources of Noise Pollution......................................................................................95
3.2.4 Harmful Effects......................................................................................................97
3.2.5 Impacts of Noise.....................................................................................................98
3.2.6 Noise Control at Source..........................................................................................98
3.2.7 Control in the Transmission Path.............................................................................99
3.2.8 Using Protection Equipment..................................................................................101
3.3 ACID RAIN................................................................................................................102
3.3.1 Acid Formation in the Atmosphere .......................................................................104
3.3.2 Effects of Acid Rain .............................................................................................104
3.3.3 Ways of Reducing the Harmful Effects of Acid Deposition.................................106
3.4 OZONE DEPLETION.....................................................................................................108
3.4.1 Ozone Production..................................................................................................112
3.4.2 Ozone Loss...........................................................................................................112
3.4.3 Causes of Ozone Depletion...................................................................................113
3.4.4 Effects of Ozone Depletion...................................................................................114
3.4.5 Saving the Ozone Layer and Protecting our Health..............................................115
viii Zero to Mastery in Disaster and Emergency Management
3.4.6 Protecting the Ozone Layer..................................................................................116
3.5 GLOBAL WARMING....................................................................................................116
3.5.1 Causes of Global Warming....................................................................................118
3.5.2 Effects of Global Warming....................................................................................119
3.5.3 Global Warming and Humans................................................................................120
3.5.4 Control of Global Warming....................................................................................120
3.6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT......................................................................................122
3.6.1 Impact of Solid Waste...........................................................................................124
3.6.2 Collection of Solid Waste ......................................................................................125
3.6.3 Conveyance of Solid Waste..................................................................................125
3.6.4 Method of Solid Waste Disposal...........................................................................129
3.6.5 Recycling and Recovery From Solid Waste..........................................................132
Review Questions...........................................................................................................133
Last year Questions .......................................................................................................134
4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT..................................................135-159
4.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................135
4.2 HAZARD....................................................................................................................136
4.2.1 Modes of a Hazard ...............................................................................................136
4.2.2 Classifying Hazard................................................................................................136
4.2.3 Causes of Hazards................................................................................................137
4.3 DISASTER ..................................................................................................................137
4.4 CLASSIFICATION ........................................................................................................138
4.4.1 Natural Disaster....................................................................................................138
4.4.2 Man-made Disaster...............................................................................................138
4.5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE.................................................................................139
4.5.1 Disaster Impact and Response .............................................................................139
4.5.2 Disaster Preparedness..........................................................................................140
4.5.3 Mitigation (Risk Assessment/Prevention) .............................................................141
4.5.4 Recovery Stage (Post-Disaster Stage).................................................................141
4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS.......................................................................................142
4.6.1 Natural disaster.....................................................................................................142
4.6.2 Manmade Disasters..............................................................................................146
4.7 DO’S AND DON’TS FOR SAFETY DURING DISASTER.....................................................148
4.7.1 Earthquakes ..........................................................................................................148
4.7.2 Cyclone.................................................................................................................150
4.7.3 Floods....................................................................................................................152
4.7.4 Fire Accident.........................................................................................................154
4.7.5 Landslide...............................................................................................................156
Review Questions...........................................................................................................159
Contents ix
Last year Questions .......................................................................................................159
5. SEISMOLOGY....................................................................160-177
5.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................160
5.2 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES.........................................................................................161
5.3 INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE........................................................................................162
5.3.1 Intensity Scales .....................................................................................................162
5.4 ELASTIC WAVES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES.....................................................................164
5.4.1 Body Waves..........................................................................................................164
5.4.2 Surface Wave .......................................................................................................164
5.5 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY .....................................................................165
5.6 SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC ZONING MAPS.....................................................................166
5.6.1 Seismic Zoning Map..............................................................................................167
5.7 IMPROVED EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE OF NEW CONSTRUCTION...............................168
5.7.1 Layout...................................................................................................................168
5.7.2 Improved Building Technologies ...........................................................................169
5.7.3 Seismic Strengthening of Existing Adobe Buildings ..............................................172
5.7.4 Seismic Protection of Historic Adobe Buildings....................................................173
5.8 PLATE TECTONIC THEORY AND OCCURRENCE OF EARTHQUAKES .................................173
5.8.1 Plate Tectonic Theory...........................................................................................173
5.8.2 Plate Movement (Plate Boundaries).....................................................................173
5.8.3 Severe Earthquakes In The Past ..........................................................................176
Review Questions...........................................................................................................176
Last year Questions .......................................................................................................177
Index .........................................................................................................................................179
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