Table Of ContentINFORMATION TO USERS
This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document.
While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this
document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of
the original submitted.
The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand
markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction.
1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document
photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the
missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with
adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and
duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity.
2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black
mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the
copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred
image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame.
3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being
photographed the photographer followed a definite method in
"sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the
upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from
left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary,
sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and
continuing on until complete.
4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest
value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be
made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the
dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at
additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog
number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced.
University Microfilms
300 North Zeeb Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
A Xerox Education Company
LD3907 0
. E3 Maher, Christopher Henry, 1877-
1942 Youth movements in various countries
. M23 ... New York, 1942.
i i i , cl s,211 typewritten leaves, map,
29cm.
Final document (Ecl.D. ) - New York
university, School of education, 1942.
Bibliography: p .208-210.
A3G195
Shelf List
— i
Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED.
Pinal DoMcumen#t'
1942
Accepted, Datea— — ,.n. -J
YOUTH MOVEMENTS
I N
VARI OUS C OUNT RI E S
57
Christopher H. Maher
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Doctor
of Education in the School of Education
of New York University.
New York, N.Y
1942
PLEASE NOTE:
Some pages may have
indistinct print.
Filmed as received.
University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements..................................... iiii
Chap. I. Introduction.
The Purpose of the S tudy ...................... 1
The Plight of Y outh................................................. 2
Delinquency and C rim e......................................... 11
t Why Youth Has Unrest ................................................ 16
! The Significance of the Study ........................... 19
« Chapter Summary........................................................... 21
*
; Chap. II. The Youth Movement in England.
The B ritish Situation ............................................ 24
Aftermath of the F irst World W ar................... 26
The Youth Hostel Movement........................... 28
Workers Educational A ssociation ..................... 34
t
' Other English Youth Movements........................... 38
Government A ctivity in Aid of Y outh 39
Other Youth Organizations ................................... 44
Chapter Summary.......................................................... 46
Chap. III. The Youth Movement in Germany.
The German Background............................................ 49
The WandervSgel .......................................................... 51
The German Youth H o stels..................................... 58
Influence of the WandervSgel and the Hostel
Movement.............................................................. 60
A 8 6 1 0 5
—i i ~
Post-War Movements .............................................. 61
The Youth Movement Under Nazi Germany .... 65
Emergenoe of H itler Youth Movement................. 68
Changing Aspects of German Youth Movement 72
Chapter Summary ............................................................ 78
Chap. IV. Youth Movements in Czechoslovakia.
H istorical Background............................................... 81
The S okol.......................................................................... 87
Aims of Y outh................................................................ 89
The Effect of Unemployment................................... 89
The Wandering Birds .................................... 92
The Sudeten Germans and th eir Youth Move —
ments ..................................................................... 94
The Turnov Conference of 1922 ........... 96
Chapter Summary......................................................... 97
Chap. V. The Youth Movement in A ustria.
The Youth Movement in U n iv e rsities.................100
Back to the Land Movement ................................ 101
The Jewish Youth Problem ........................................103
Voluntary Work Service ...................................... 105
The WanflervSgel ........................................................... 107
Recent Developments .................................................. 109
Chapter Summary .......................................................... H I
. Chap. VI. The Youth Movement in Russia.
The Russian Background............................................114
I
1
—H i—
The N ihlists ................................................................ 116
End of Voluntary Youth Movements................ 118
The Komsomol ............................................................. 118
Conditions of Russian Y outh........................... 183
Educational Youth Movements ......................184
*Pre-YouthN Movements...............................................184
The Russian S ta tu s ......................................................185
Chapter Summary ............................................. 187
Chap. VII. Youth Movements in the United States.
The American S itu a tio n .............................................130
Amerioan Youth Hostels ............................................131
National Youth A dm inistration.......................... 144
The C ivilian Conservation C orps........................155
The American Youth Congress .............................. 165
Chapter Summary .......................................................... 178
Chap.VIII. R ecapitulation and Evaluation.
1. Extent of Youth Movements.............................175
8. Internationalism : The Turnov Conference 177
3. Spontaneous Youth Movements........................182
4. O fficially Sponsored Youth Organizations 188
5. Parallelism s from Country to Country . 194
6. Cross-Influences .............................................. 198
7. E valuation...............................................................199
B ibliography....................................................................... 808
CHAPTER I# INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The Purpose of the Study.
This study is designed to:
examine the development of typical Youth Movements
in several countries;
evaluate these movements in terms of th eir immediate
and long-term effects:
upon th eir members; and
upon the re st of the people in these
countries.
The psyohologloal effects, in determining group or widely-
held attitu d es, points of view, habits of action, e tc ., w ill be
stressed rather than the stric tly social effects or those of a
politico-economic nature.
Rather than attem pting to oover a ll countries in a very
sketchy way, a few countries typical of great groups of peoples
w ill be studied. Our own country, Czechoslovakia and England on
the one side; Russia, Germany and A ustria on the other, w ill
present the two opposite series. The former three serve us as
types of nations with a democratic outlook in the larger and
perhaps vaguer sense. The la tte r three furnish examples of
countries in which there is no democratic tradition and in whioh
the outlook of youth is most strongly colored by the huge
reconstructions that followed the War of 1914-1918.
Broadly, youth movements may be grouped into two series,
eaoh represented within each of the six oountries studied.
The f ir s t se rie s,, to rtiieh the name "Youth Movements" more
oonspiouously attaohes in general usage, oonsists o f(1):
"a oonsoious revolt of the younger generation, and
selves as a means whereby youth may proclaim its own ideas,
values, and standard#whioh are different from and
frequently opposed to those of the older generation."
Such movements openly contradict the claim made that the
experience of the older generation, through authorized guidance
of the younger one, can best guarantee the continuity of
civ ilizatio n . Such movements originate with youth. They rebel
not merely against dictation and oontrol, but even against
influence, from older groups. Behind them a ll is a sufficient
degree of deeply-felt dissatisfaction with existing moral, social
or p o litical situations, to bring the members together for
action in th eir own behalf. There is present a conscious desire
to improve conditions. There is always confidence in the power
of youth its e lf to make such beneficial changes.
The second series of youth movements consists of educational,
recreational, religious or p o litical organizations sponsored by
older people. The purpose, im plicitly or ex p licitly , is to train
boys and g irls " to take th eir proper places in adult life " — in
such adult life as is viewed by their elders as desirable.
The Plight of Youth.
Up to the F irst World War, succesive generations of young
people went though the same development, in most countries. They
(1) Hans Kohn. Youth Movements. Encyclopedia of the Social
Soglfioes, XV, p .516.
