YOUTH GAMBLING THE HIDDEN ADDICTION

284 Pages·2011·0.78 MB·English

by  Jeffrey L. Derevensky

Youth Gambling
Edited by Jeffrey Derevensky, Daniel T. L. Shek, Joav Merrick
Health, Medicine and
Human Development
Edited by
Joav Merrick
Health is a key component of human development, growth, and quality of life. The
Health, Medicine and Human Development book series aims to provide a public forum
for book publications from a multidisciplinary group of researchers, practitioners, and
clinicians for an international professional forum interested in the broad spectrum of
health, medicine, and human development. We welcome research on a wide variety of
substantive areas that will promote and impact healthy human development, including
prevention, intervention, and care among people in vulnerable conditions.
Youth Gambling
The Hidden Addiction
Edited by
Jeffrey Derevensky, Daniel T. L. Shek, Joav Merrick
DE GRUYTER
Editors
Jeffrey Derevensky
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
McGill University
Montreal, Canada
[email protected]
Daniel T.L. Shek
Department of Applied Social Sciences
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hunghom, Hong Kong
[email protected]
Joav Merrick
Ministry of Social Affairs
Health Services—Division for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Jerusalem, Israel
[email protected]
ISBN 978-3-11-025520-1
e-ISBN 978-3-11-025569-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Youth gambling : the hidden addiction / edited by Jeffrey Derevensky, Daniel T.L. Shek, and
Joav Merrick.
p. ; cm. — (Health, medicine and human development)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-11-025520-1 (alk. paper)
1. Youth—Gambling. 2. Teenage gamblers—Psychology. 3. Compulsive gambling—
Treatment. 4. Adolescent psychology. I. Derevensky, Jeffrey L. II. Shek, Daniel T. L.
III. Merrick, Joav, 1950- IV. Series: Health, medicine, and human development.
[DNLM: 1. Gambling—psychology. 2. Gambling—therapy. 3. Adolescent.
4. Risk Factors. WM 190.5.I6]
RJ506.O25Y68 2011
616.85'84100835—dc23 2011021905
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografi e; detailed
bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
© 2011 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston
The publisher, together with the authors and editors, has taken great pains to ensure that all information
presented in this work (programs, applications, amounts, dosages, etc.) refl ects the standard of
knowledge at the time of publication. Despite careful manuscript preparation and proof correction,
errors can nevertheless occur. Authors, editors and publisher disclaim all responsibility and for any
errors or omissions or liability for the results obtained from use of the information, or parts thereof,
contained in this work.
The citation of registered names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this work does not imply, even in
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trademarks etc. and therefore free for general use.
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Cover image: iStockphoto/ Thinkstock
Printed on acid-free paper
Printed in Germany
www.degruyter.com
Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................................. xi
Author Index ....................................................................................................... xvii
INTRODUCTION
1 Adolescent gambling ....................................................................................... 03
Jeffrey L. Derevensky, Daniel T. L. Shek, and Joav Merrick
2 Understanding the etiology of youth gambling problems ................................ 07
Rina Gupta and Jeffrey L. Derevensky
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 07
2.2 Biology ................................................................................................... 07
2.3 Individual factors .................................................................................... 08
2.4 Life experiences ...................................................................................... 09
2.5 Environmental factors ............................................................................. 10
2.6 Theoretical frameworks ........................................................................... 10
2.6.1 General theory of addictions ....................................................... 11
2.6.2 Pathways model .......................................................................... 12
PREVALENCE OF YOUTH GAMBLING AND PROBLEM GAMBLING
3 An international perspective on youth gambling prevalence studies ............... 21
Rachel A. Volberg, Rina Gupta, Mark D. Griffi ths,
Daniel T. Ólason, and Paul Delfabbro
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 21
3.2 United States of America ......................................................................... 22
3.2.1 Early period (1984–1989) ............................................................ 22
3.2.2 Middle period (1990–1999) ........................................................ 29
3.2.3 Present period (2000–2009) ........................................................ 31
3.3 Canada ................................................................................................... 33
3.3.1 Early investigations (1988–1995) ................................................. 33
3.3.2 Recent period (1999–2009) ......................................................... 34
3.4 Europe .................................................................................................... 36
3.4.1 Baltic and Balkan states ............................................................... 37
3.4.2 Germany and Belgium ................................................................ 38
3.4.3 Latin Europe ................................................................................ 38
3.4.4 Great Britain ............................................................................... 39
3.4.5 Nordic countries ......................................................................... 40
vi (cid:2) Contents
3.5 Australia and New Zealand ................................................................... 43
3.5.1 Survey studies in Australia and New Zealand ............................ 43
3.5.2 Variations in activity preferences and individual differences ...... 44
3.5.3 Links between adolescent and adult gambling ........................... 45
3.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 45
CORRELATES, RISK, AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS ASSOCIATED
WITH YOUTH GAMBLING
4 Youth problem gambling: Our current knowledge of risk
and protective factors ...................................................................................... 59
N. Will Shead, Jeffrey L. Derevensky, and Rina Gupta
4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 59
4.2 Demographic factors ............................................................................. 61
4.3 Gender .................................................................................................. 61
4.4 Racial and ethnic groups ....................................................................... 61
4.5 Personality ............................................................................................ 62
4.6 Impulsivity ............................................................................................ 62
4.7 Risk behavior ........................................................................................ 63
4.8 Coping styles ......................................................................................... 63
4.9 Mental health factors ............................................................................. 64
4.10 ADHD .................................................................................................. 65
4.11 Academic achievement ......................................................................... 65
4.12 Substance abuse ................................................................................... 66
4.13 Delinquency ......................................................................................... 67
4.14 Interpersonal relationships .................................................................... 67
4.15 Peers ..................................................................................................... 68
4.16 Community ........................................................................................... 69
4.17 Marketing ............................................................................................. 70
4.18 Societal infl uences ................................................................................ 71
4.19 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 72
5 Defi ning and assessing binge gambling ........................................................... 79
Rina Gupta and Jeffrey L. Derevensky
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 79
5.2 Background ........................................................................................... 80
5.3 Context ................................................................................................. 83
5.4 Our pilot study ...................................................................................... 83
5.4.1 Instruments ................................................................................ 83
5.4.2 Data collection procedure ......................................................... 84
5.5 Our fi ndings .......................................................................................... 84
5.5.1 Gambling participation and classifi cation .................................. 84
5.5.2 Part A: Analysis of usefulness of questions ................................. 85
5.5.3 Part A: Scale reliability ............................................................... 86
5.5.4 Part B: Qualitative descriptors of binge gambling ....................... 87
5.5.5 Reasons why binges end ............................................................ 88
Contents (cid:2) vii
5.5.6 Episode duration ....................................................................... 88
5.5.7 Length of time between episodes ............................................... 89
5.6 Prevalence of binge gambling ............................................................... 90
5.7 Relationship of binge gambling to binge drinking
and heavy alcohol use. .......................................................................... 90
5.8 Toward building a construct of binge gambling ..................................... 91
5.9 Discussion ............................................................................................ 91
Appendix A Modifi ed binge gambling screen for
adolescents and young adults ................................................... 97
Appendix B Quick binge gambling screen ................................................... 97
6 Positive youth development and intention to gamble .................................... 99
Daniel T. L. Shek and Cecilia M. S. Ma
6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 99
6.2 Our experience ..................................................................................... 101
6.3 Our fi ndings .......................................................................................... 102
6.4 Discussion ............................................................................................ 106
7 Relationship between positive youth development and intention
to gamble among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong .................................... 113
Daniel T. L. Shek and Rachel C. F. Sun
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 113
7.2 Our research design .............................................................................. 115
7.3 Our fi ndings .......................................................................................... 116
7.4 Discussion ............................................................................................ 120
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN YOUTH GAMBLING
8 Remote gambling in adolescence .................................................................. 125
Mark D. Griffi ths, Jonathan Parke, and Jeffrey L. Derevensky
8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 125
8.2 Background ........................................................................................... 125
8.3 Empirical studies on adolescent Internet gambling ................................ 126
8.4 Online gambling-like experiences among adolescents .......................... 133
8.4.1 Adolescent gambling via social networking sites ....................... 134
8.4.2 Adolescent gambling via online penny auction sites .................. 135
8.5 Adolescent gambling via mobile phone ................................................. 136
8.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 137
ASSESSMENT TOOLS
9 A critical review of adolescent problem gambling assessment instruments ... 147
Randy Stinchfi eld
9.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 147
9.2 South Oaks Gambling Screen—Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA) ..... 153
viii (cid:2) Contents
9.3 DSM-IV-J and DSM-IV-MR-J (J = Juvenile) (MR = Multiple Response) ..... 157
9.4 Massachusetts Gambling Screen (MAGS) .............................................. 159
9.5 Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI) ................................. 160
9.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 161
TREATING YOUTH PROBLEM GAMBLERS
10 Treatment of adolescent gambling problems: More art than science? ........... 167
Jeffrey L. Derevensky, Caroline Temcheff, and Rina Gupta
10.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 167
10.2 Treating youth: The McGill treatment approach ..................................... 170
10.3 Steps of treatment ................................................................................. 172
10.3.1 Intake interviews ....................................................................... 172
10.3.2 Therapy ..................................................................................... 174
10.3.3 P reparation for cessation of treatment
and relapse prevention .............................................................. 180
10.4 Enhancing a social responsibility perspective ........................................ 181
10.5 Concluding comments .......................................................................... 182
11 Seeking help online: A new approach for youth-specifi c
gambling interventions .................................................................................. 187
Sally Gainsbury
11.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 187
11.2 Internet use ........................................................................................... 188
11.3 Rationale for internet therapy and online interventions ......................... 189
11.4 Internet therapy and online interventions for adolescents ...................... 190
11.5 Internet therapy and online interventions for young adults .................... 192
11.6 Internet therapy and online interventions for problem gambling ............ 194
11.7 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 196
12 Adolescent problem gambling: Pharmacological treatment options .............. 201
Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza
12.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 201
12.2 Pharmacotherapy .................................................................................. 202
12.2.1 Opioid antagonists .................................................................... 202
12.2.2 Antidepressants ......................................................................... 203
12.2.3 Glutamatergic agents ................................................................ 205
12.2.4 Mood stabilizers ........................................................................ 206
12.2.5 Atypical antipsychotics .............................................................. 206
12.3 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 207
PREVENTION INITIATIVES
13 Youth gambling prevention initiatives: A decade of research ......................... 213
Jeffrey L. Derevensky and Rina Gupta
13.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 213
13.2 Prevention programs ............................................................................. 215
Contents (cid:2) ix
13.3 Abstinence versus harm reduction approach ....................................... 216
13.4 Gambling as a socially acceptable activity .......................................... 218
13.5 Harm-reduction prevention programs. ................................................. 218
13.6 Resilience ........................................................................................... 219
13.7 Current prevention programs ............................................................... 221
13.8 Commonalities and differences among programs ................................ 221
13.9 Gambling prevention programs ........................................................... 222
13.9.1 The Amazing Chateau (grades 4–7) and
Hooked City (grades 7–12) ...................................................... 223
13.9.2 Youth Awareness and Prevention Workshops (Levels I & II) ...... 223
13.9.3 Clean Break. ............................................................................ 223
13.9.4 Know Limits ............................................................................ 223
13.10 Mental health ...................................................................................... 224
13.11 New directions ................................................................................... 224
13.12 Prevention and social policy ............................................................... 225
14 Prevention of gambling problems in adolescents: The role of problem
gambling assessment instruments and positive youth
development programs .................................................................................. 231
Daniel T. L. Shek and Rachel C. F. Sun
14.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 231
14.2 Prevention of problem gambling in adolescents .................................. 232
14.2.1 Relevance of problem gambling assessment frameworks to
adolescent problem gambling prevention ................................ 233
14.2.2 An alternative but complementary approach: Positive
youth development .................................................................. 235
14.2.3 The development of positive youth development
programs in Hong Kong ........................................................... 238
14.3 Discussion .......................................................................................... 239
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
15 About the editors ........................................................................................... 247
16 The International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and
High-Risk Behaviors (Centre International d’étude sur
le jeu et les comportements à risque chez les jeunes) .................................... 249
Jeffrey L. Derevensky and Rina Gupta
16.1 Background ......................................................................................... 249
16.2 The context for the development of the International Centre
for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors ....................... 250
16.3 An international center ........................................................................ 251
16.4 Research ............................................................................................. 252
16.5 Training and service ............................................................................ 252
16.6 Treatment ............................................................................................ 253
16.7 Prevention and public awareness ........................................................ 253