Yellow Biotechnology I: Insect Biotechnologie in Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research

201 Pages·2013·4.04 MB·English

by  Yan Wang

Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 135
Series Editor: T. Scheper
Andreas Vilcinskas Editor
Yellow
Biotechnology I
Insect Biotechnologie in Drug Discovery
and Preclinical Research
135
Advances in Biochemical
Engineering/Biotechnology
Series editor
T. Scheper, Hannover, Germany
Editorial Board
S. Belkin, Jerusalem, Israel
P. M. Doran, Hawthorn, Australia
I. Endo, Saitama, Japan
M. B. Gu, Seoul, Korea
W.-S. Hu, Minneapolis, MN, USA
B. Mattiasson, Lund, Sweden
J. Nielsen, Göteborg, Sweden
G. Stephanopoulos, Cambridge, MA, USA
R. Ulber, Kaiserslautern, Germany
A.-P. Zeng, Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
J.-J. Zhong, Shanghai, China
W. Zhou, Framingham, MA, USA
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10
Aims and Scope
Thisbookseriesreviewscurrenttrendsinmodernbiotechnologyandbiochemical
engineering. Its aim is to cover all aspects of these interdisciplinary disciplines,
where knowledge, methods and expertise are required from chemistry, biochem-
istry, microbiology, molecular biology, chemical engineering and computer
science.
Volumes are organized topically and provide a comprehensive discussion of
developments in the field over the past 3–5 years. The series also discusses new
discoveries and applications. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics
which focus on new biotechnological products and new processes for their syn-
thesis and purification.
Ingeneral, volumes are edited by well-knownguest editors. Theseries editor and
publisher will, however, always be pleased to receive suggestions and supple-
mentary information. Manuscripts are accepted in English.
Inreferences,AdvancesinBiochemicalEngineering/Biotechnologyisabbreviated
as Adv. Biochem. Engin./Biotechnol. and cited as a journal.
Andreas Vilcinskas
Editor
Yellow Biotechnology I
Insect Biotechnologie in Drug Discovery
and Preclinical Research
With contributions by
Iris V. Adam (cid:2) Yiorgos Apidianakis (cid:2) Ludmila Bauer
Katja Becker (cid:2) Helge B. Bode (cid:2) Michael Boll
Alexander O. Brachmann (cid:2) Annely Brandt
Theodoulakis Christofi (cid:2) Christine Fink (cid:2) Rainer Fischer
Stefanie Grünwald (cid:2) Ana-Maria Gurmai
Julia Hoffmann (cid:2) Yuan-Ying Jiang (cid:2) De-Dong Li
Franziska Mohring (cid:2) Krishnendu Mukherjee
Eleftherios Mylonakis (cid:2) Jette Pretzel (cid:2) Stefan Rahlfs
Ramya Raju (cid:2) Thomas Roeder (cid:2) Renja Romey
Andreas Vilcinskas (cid:2) Yan Wang (cid:2) Uwe Wenzel
123
Editor
Andreas Vilcinskas
Bioresources ProjectGroup
Fraunhofer InstituteforMolecular Biology
Giessen
Germany
ISSN 0724-6145 ISSN 1616-8542 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-642-39862-9 ISBN 978-3-642-39863-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-39863-6
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013948660
(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Preface
Yellow Biotechnology has been introduced as a synonymous term for insect bio-
technology, which can be defined as the use of biotechnology-based methods for
the development of insects (or their molecules, cells, organs or associated
microorganisms) into products and services for specific applications in medicine,
plant protection or industry. This emerging field has an enormous economic
potential and the remarkable promise of the Yellow Biotechnology value chain is
attracting increasing interest and investment, particularly from the growing Asian
economiesofChina,JapanandSouthKorea.In2010,thegrowthofthisemerging
field inspired Springer to publish the first book dedicated to this subject, entitled
Insect Biotechnology (edited by Prof. Andreas Vilcinskas), which has now been
translated into a number of languages.
Therapiddevelopmentofinsectbiotechnologyandtheexpandingapplications
of insect-derived models and tools have motivated both Springer and the editor
Andreas Vilcinskas to publish two further volumes on Yellow Biotechnology
within the Springer book series Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Bio-
technology, to complement the original publication. Yellow Biotechnology Part I
focuses on the use of insects in drug discovery and preclinical research, whereas
YellowBiotechnologyPartIIconsiderstheapplicationsofinsectbiotechnologyin
plant protection and industry.
Insects can be used as sources of new drugs, particularly antibiotics, but their
medical use extends well beyond insects as bioresources, and now includes their
development as powerful preclinical research models, facilitating both the inves-
tigationofmolecularmechanismsunderlyinghumandiseasesandtheinexpensive
and ethical in vivo testing of drugs in suitable whole-animal-high-throughput
systems.YellowBiotechnologyPartIcomprisessixchaptersaddressingtheuseof
insect models for the analysis of human diseases, preclinical research and food
safety, and is the largest collection of chapters on this subject. The transferability
of data representing molecular mechanisms from insect models to humans has
profited from the availability of insects with completely-sequenced genomes and
rapidprogressingenome-scalebioinformatics.Twofurtherchaptershighlightthe
use of insects in drug discovery. Insects are taxonomically diverse and therefore
offer the opportunity to source thousands of new molecular entities with phar-
macological properties. In contrast, pest insects are major competitors for human
food/animal feed, and vector insects transmit diseases such as plague and malaria
v
vi Preface
thathavethreatenedhumansanddomesticanimalsthroughouthistoryandstillkill
millions of people every year. Yellow Biotechnology therefore considers bio-
technology-basedstrategiestodevelopsustainablemethodstocontrolinsectpests
and vectors.
The majority of authors contributing to Yellow Biotechnology are members of
the first German collaborative Insect Biotechnology research group, which is
funded by the Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts
via the excellence program LOEWE. This research program is hosted by the
Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen and coordinated by the Editor Andreas
Vilcinskas. In collaboration with the Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology
andAppliedEcology,it represents thefirst operational unitinGermany thataims
to explore insects as a source of new compounds for specific applications in
medicine, plant protection and industry. The Hessian research focus on Insect
Biotechnologyincludesfundingfor25Ph.D.students,someofwhomcontributed
chapters to this publication.
We are aware that even two volumes are not sufficient to provide exhaustive
coverage of this burgeoning research and development field, butwe hope that the
collectedchapterswillprovideanoverviewofthediverseandexpandingfrontiers
of Yellow Biotechnology.
Summer 2013 Andreas Vilcinskas
Contents
Utility of Insects for Studying Human Pathogens and Evaluating
New Antimicrobial Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Yan Wang, De-Dong Li, Yuan-Ying Jiang and Eleftherios Mylonakis
Galleria Mellonella as a Model Host to Study Gut Microbe
Homeostasis and Brain Infection by the Human
Pathogen Listeria Monocytogenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Krishnendu Mukherjee, Ramya Raju, Rainer Fischer
and Andreas Vilcinskas
Drosophila as a Model to Study Metabolic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Julia Hoffmann, Renja Romey, Christine Fink and Thomas Roeder
The Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster as a Model
for Aging Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Annely Brandt and Andreas Vilcinskas
Drosophila and the Hallmarks of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Theodoulakis Christofi and Yiorgos Apidianakis
The Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum as a Model to Monitor
Food Safety and Functionality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Stefanie Grünwald, Iris V. Adam, Ana-Maria Gurmai, Ludmila Bauer,
Michael Boll and Uwe Wenzel
Identification and Bioanalysis of Natural Products from Insect
Symbionts and Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Alexander O. Brachmann and Helge B. Bode
Antiparasitic Peptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Jette Pretzel, Franziska Mohring, Stefan Rahlfs and Katja Becker
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
vii
AdvBiochemEngBiotechnol(2013)135:1–25
DOI:10.1007/10_2013_194
(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
PublishedOnline:19April2013
Utility of Insects for Studying Human
Pathogens and Evaluating New
Antimicrobial Agents
Yan Wang, De-Dong Li, Yuan-Ying Jiang and Eleftherios Mylonakis
Abstract Insectmodels,suchasGalleriamellonellaandDrosophilamelanogaster
have significant ethical, logistical, and economic advantages over mammalian
modelsforthestudiesofinfectiousdiseases.Usingthesemodels,variouspathogenic
microbeshavebeenstudiedandmanynovelvirulencegeneshavebeenidentified.
Notably,becauseinsectsaresusceptibletoawidevarietyofhumanpathogensand
haveimmuneresponsessimilartothoseofmammals,theyoffertheopportunityto
understandinnateimmuneresponsesagainsthumanpathogensbetter.Itisimportant
tonotethatinsectpathosystemshavealsoofferedasimplestrategytoevaluatethe
efficacyandtoxicityofmanyantimicrobialagents.Overall,insectmodelsprovidea
rapid, inexpensive, and reliable way as complementary hosts toconventional ver-
tebrateanimalmodelstostudypathogenesisandantimicrobialagents.
Keywords Antimicrobial efficacy (cid:2) Drosophila (cid:2) Galleria (cid:2) Infection (cid:2) Insect (cid:2)
Pathogen (cid:2) Pathogenesis
Abbreviations
MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
RNAi RNA interference
Y.Wang(cid:2)D.-D.Li(cid:2)Y.-Y.Jiang
NewDrugResearchandDevelopmentCenter,SchoolofPharmacy,
SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China
Y.Wang(&)(cid:2)E.Mylonakis(&)
DivisionofInfectiousDiseases,MassachusettsGeneralHospital,
HarvardMedicalSchool,BostonMA,02114,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
E.Mylonakis
e-mail:[email protected]
E.Mylonakis
DivisionofInfectiousDiseases,RhodeIslandHospital,WarrenAlpertMedical
SchoolofBrownUniversity,RhodeIsland02903,USA
2 Y.Wangetal.
Contents
1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 2
2 UseofInsectsforStudyingHumanPathogens................................................................. 3
2.1 GalleriamellonellaInfectionModel.......................................................................... 3
2.2 DrosophilamelanogasterInfectionModel................................................................. 5
2.3 OtherInsectInfectionModels.................................................................................... 7
3 UseofInsectsforEvaluatingNewAntimicrobialAgents................................................ 8
3.1 GalleriamellonellaInfectionModelforEvaluatingNewAntimicrobialAgents.... 8
3.2 DrosophilamelanogasterInfectionModelforEvaluatingNew
AntimicrobialAgents.................................................................................................. 12
3.3 OtherInsectInfectionModelsforEvaluatingNewAntimicrobialAgents............. 12
4 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 13
References.................................................................................................................................. 13
1 Introduction
Pathogenicmicrobescauseavarietyofinfectiousdiseasesinhumanhosts,andthe
threatfromthesepathogenshasneverfadedinhumanhistory[1–6].Forexample,
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) alone infects more than
94,000peopleandkillsnearly19,000intheUnitedStateseveryyear,moredeaths
than those caused by HIV/AIDS, Parkinson’s disease, emphysema, and homicide
combined[7,8].Also,inadditiontobacterialinfections,thefrequency,spectrum,
and associated cost of opportunistic invasive fungal infections have significantly
increased over the past two decades and accounted for the rapidly growing pop-
ulations of immunosuppressed and debilitated patients [9–11]. The substantial
disease burden of infectious diseases in humans underscores the need for better
understanding of the pathogenicity and virulence of human pathogens.
Pathogenesis, immunology, and pharmacology research have traditionally
reliedonmammalianmodelssuchasmice,rats,rabbits,andguineapigs,butsuch
experiments are costly, time consuming, and require full ethical consideration.
Hence,cheaperandethicallymoreacceptableinsectmodelsofinfectionhavebeen
introduced, including the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella,
Drosophila melanogaster, and other insects. Accumulating data indicate that the
virulence of many human pathogens is comparable in insects and mammals, and
often identical virulencefactors are used byhumanpathogenic microbes to infect
insects and mammals. Moreover, insects have an immune system that is func-
tionally similar to the innate immune system of mammals, which offers a simple
model to understand innate immunity better. Furthermore, the insect infection
models provide a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable evaluation of the efficacy and
toxicity of new antimicrobial agents in vivo. In this chapter, we discuss how the
insectsG.mellonella,D.melanogaster,andotherinsectscanbeemployedtostudy
various human pathogens and to evaluate new antimicrobial agents.