Table Of ContentWriting the Composition Твори
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Автобіографія
Рекламні оголошення
П завдання
исьмові
з англійської мови
Лариса Давиденко, Ігop Гриценко
Written Composition
in English
Письмові завдання
з англійської мови
ТЕРНОПІЛЬ
«ПІДРУЧНИКИ & ПОСІБНИКИ»
2001
ББК8 1.2 Англ
Д 13
Рецензенти:
Валігура О. Р., зав. кафедрою англійської філології, доцент Терно
пільського державного педагогічного університету
ім. В. Гнатюка
Лісійчук Т. П., доцент кафедри англійської філології Тернопільсько
го державного педагогічного університету ім. В. Гна
тюка
Курант Л. С., кандидат педагогічних наук, викладач Тернопільської
академії народного господарства
Редактор Марія Жук
Художнє оформлення Світлани Демчак
Давиденко Лариса, Гриненко Ігор
Д 13 Письмові завдання з англійської мови. — Тернопіль: Підручники і по
сібники, 2001. — 112 с.
ISBN 966-562-295-1
Даний посібник призначений для учнів старших класів середніх за
гальноосвітніх шкіл та шкіл з поглибленим вивченням англійської мови,
гімназій, студентів вищих навчальних закладів I—II, III—IV рівнів акреди
тації, а також вчителів англійської мови.
Посібник написано англійською «мовою з коротким українським ко
ментарем та словником.
ББК8 1.2 Англ
ISBN 966-562-295-1
© Л. Давиденко, І. Гриненко, 2000
ПЕРЕДМОВА
Згідно з вимогами Міністерства освіти України учні випускних кла
сів загальноосвітніх шкіл повинні вміти виконувати різноманітні творчі
завдання англійською мовою, а саме: написати автобіографію, ділового
та дружнього листа іноземному партнеру чи товаришеві, заповнити анке
ту, написати об’яву. Нагальною потребою сьогодення є також написання
телеграми, телексу та передача повідомлень (інформації) електронною
поштою.
Даний посібник допоможе справитися з переліченими завданнями.
Окремий розділ присвячений написанню твору як одного з най
більш складних письмових завдань. У ньому подаються основні вимоги
щодо написання творчої письмової роботи, наводяться зразки плану та
тез твору, а також правил відбору та систематизації зібраного матеріалу,
пропонуються зразки творів і перелік тематики для їх самостійного напи
сання.
Посібник містить додатки з правилами англійської орфографії та
пунктуації, інформацію про різноманітні скорочення та форми звертання,
які прийняті в англійському та американському діловодстві, а також пе
реклад складних термінів та словосполучень, які позначені в тексті під
кресленням.
WRITTEN COMPOSITION
Written Composition includes every form of writing. Because of its great
variety and importance it is worthy of serious study.
Types of written composition
Of the many types of written composition the following are some of the
most familiar: fiction, biographies, essays, poetry, news items, reports, letters.
The literal meaning of compose is "to form by putting together." A com
position is a piece of writing formed by putting together the ideas you have on
a subject. This suggests two important points about writing a composition. The
first is that you must have some ideas on the subject about which you are going
to write. The second is that you must be able to put these ideas together in such
a way that they will form an effective whole.
The emphasis will be on expository writing. In general, the purpose of
expository writing is not primarily to amuse or entertain (although it may do
both), but to enlighten and instruct. Its essential quality is clarity. Most of the
writing you are required to do in school tests, reports, essays is expository, ar:d
most of the writing you will do after you leave school will be of this kind.
No matter what you are writing about, the basic steps involved in writ
ing are almost always the same. They should become so familiar that you will
follow them habitually whenever you write.
amuse — розважати fiction — белетристика, худ. література
clarity — ясність habitually — звичайно
compose — творити, компонувати, складати instruct — вчити, навчати, інструктувати
emphasis — акцент news items — новини (в газетах, журналах)
enlighten — висвітлювати literal — дослівний
entertain — розважати poetry — поезія
essay — есе quality — якість
essential — істотний, необхідний subject — тема, сюжет, предмет
expository— описовий, тлумачний written composition — письмовий твір
familiar — звичайний, близький, знайомий
Planning the composition
The steps in writing a composition fall into two main stages: planning
and writing. Planning includes the first three steps: a) selecting and limiting the
subject, b) assembling materials, c) organising (outlining).
a) Selecting and limiting the subject
Select a subject that can be adequately treated within the
limits of your composition.
4
Unless your teacher specifies what you are to write about, your first
problem is the choice of a subject. Of course, you will choose one in which
you are interested.
b) Assembling materials
List all the ideas you may wish to use in your composition.
In this step, it does not matter in what order you list the ideas; the impor
tant thing is to get them down where you can look at them, evaluate them, and
arrange them.
In order to illustrate the steps in planning and writing a composition, the
next few pages are devoted to showing you, through a specific example, how
the steps should be followed.
Imagine that you have been asked to write as a composition assignment
a critical essay on some aspect of modem living. You have decided to write
about health hazards of the 20th century. So you begin by searching your mind
for available expository materials, You do not need to go to the library or to
consult other people. You begin the next step by making a list of things you
might include in your essay.
When you have jotted down your ideas in the order and form in which
they occur to you, you will end up with a list like the following:
> mental and physical health > human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
> steadily growing costs of medical treat > the body's emergency response
ment > expose people to many stressors
> closing of public hospitals and clinics > life experiences
> reduction of hospital staff > Golden Rules of ethics
> harmful medicines on sale > living in accord with Nature
> dangerous hazards > preventive measure
> AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syn
drome)
After the list has been completed, you should go over it carefully and
remove any items that, on second thought, seem unrelated to the subject, or
that, if included,"would make the composition too long.
c) Organising materials. Outlining.
Group related ideas together. Arrange the groups in
a logical order. Make an outline.
As you group the related ideas, you are really making an outline. In
making an outline, you must make major decisions concerning the content and
the organisation of your composition. It is no exaggeration to say that more
than half the work on a composition has been done when the outline has been
completed.
5
Two kinds of outline are in common use: the topic outline (план твору)
and the sentence outline (тези твору).
adequately — адекватно limiting — тут: окреслення, визначення
arrange — систематизувати, приводити make major decisions — приймати основні
до ладу рішення
assembling — збір, складання outline — план, схема
assignment — завдання related ideas — споріднені думки
available — придатний, доступний search — шукати, досліджувати
content — зміст select — відбирати
critical essay — критичне есе specific — особливий
evaluate — оцінити stage — етап, стадія
exaggeration — перебільшення the sentence outline — тези твору
health hazards — найбільш небезпечні для the topic outline — план твору
життя хвороби to be iti common use — поширений
jot down — коротко записати, занотувати treat — трактувати
The Topic Outline
In a topic outline each item is merely a topic to be discussed in the pa
per; it is not a sentence. For most of the outlining that you will do, the topic
outline will be adequate; in fact, it will be preferable because it is easier to
make and is clear enough to serve its purpose. The following outline of .tit.з
first part of the essay on Health Hazards of the 2Gfh Century is of this kind.
I. The importance
A. To care for mental and physical health
B. To do everything possible for the health of people
II. Health hazards
A. AIDS
B. Cancer
C. Stress
The Sentence Outline
There are some occasions, however, when you may prefer to use the
sentence outline, which is always clearer because it gives tn more detail the
exact meaning of each topic. A sentence outline is the better kind if you are
outlining for someone else who may not grasp the full meaning of the short
headings in a topic outline; A comparison of the sentence outline below with
the topic outline above will indicate the advantage of the sentence form.
I. The importance of mental and physical health is the main care of any social
system.
A. Some people are ready to give everything fnr health.
B. Shortcomings in the health care system are the examples of the disregard
for people’s treatment.
II. Many factors can destroy good health.
A. AIDS is called the plague of the 20lh century.
B. Cancer is a world-spread disease. .
C. Stress is a serious enemy of the present century.
6
advantage — перевага grasp — захоплювати
destroy — руйнувати indicate — вказувати, свідчити (про щось)
disease — хвороба plague — чума
disregard — ігнорування, нехтування shortcomings — недоліки
enemy — ворог treatment — лікування
Outline Form
Observe rules for form in making an outline.
(1) Place the title above the outline. It is not one of the numbered or let
tered topics.
(2) The terms Introduction, Body, Conclusion should not be included in
the outline. They are not topics to-be discussed in the composition.
(3) Use Roman numerals for the main topics. Subtopics are given in let
ters and numbers.
(4) Begin each topic with a capital letter. Do not capitalise words other
than the first in a topic or subtopic unless they are proper nouns or proper ad
jectives.
(5) In a topic outline do not follow topics with a period.
(6) There must never be, under any topic, alone subtopic; there must be
either two or more subtopics or none at all. Subtopics are divisions of the topic
above them. A topic cannot be divided into fewer than two parts.
(7) As a rule, main topics should be parallel in form, and subtopics under
the same topic should be parallel in form. If in a list of topics, the first is a
noun, the others should be nouns; if it is an adjective, the others should be ad^
jectives, etc. Topics in the form of phrases should not be mixed with topics in
the form of nouns or a noun and its modifiers. Subtopics need not be parallel
with main topics.
The second half of the outline for the composition on health hazards is
given below to show parallelism of topics.
III. Spiritual aspect of health
A. To follow the Golden Rules of ethics
B. To live in accord with Nature
IV.A healthy way of life
" A. To go in for sports
B. To eat plain food
C. To forget about alcohol, cigarettes and drugs
(8) Do not mix the topic and sentence forms of outline.
7
(9) For each number or letter in an outline there must be a topic. Never
plac.e an я, for instance, next to 1 like this: la.
Note that all nine points about correct outlining have been carefully ob
served. Note also the number of main topics. For a 500-word composition • you
should not have more than five main topics. A minimum of three is a sound
general rule but an outline with two main topics is sometimes acceptable.
Exercise L Make the topic outlines and the sentence outlines of the suggested
written samples of essays (see Sample Topics).
acceptable — допустимий, прийнятний mix — переплутати
body — основна частина твору proper adjectives — власні прикметники
capital letter— велика (прописна) літера proper nouns — власні іменники
conclusion — висновок spiritual — духовний
in accord — у злагоді subtopics — підтеми
introduction -— вступ title — заголовок
modifiers — модифікатори
Writing the Composition
If you have completed the planning stage carefully, many of the prob
lems involved in the actual writing will already be solved. The writing stage
begins with the composing of the first draft and includes all of the revisions
necessary in achieving a satisfactory final draft.
The First Draft
With the outline before you, write the first draft of your composition.
Include an introduction and a conclusion. Pay careful attention
to the division into paragraphs.
final draft — остаточний варіант твору paragraphs — абзаци
first draft — початковий варіант твору
The Introduction
1. Write an introduction which will make clear the purpose of your com
position and arouse the interest of the reader.
A good introductory paragraph should make clear the purpose of the
composition. It may give facts that will explain the choice of subject, and it
may give information necessary to the understanding of the subject. It should,
•if possible, arouse the interest of the readers so that they will want to read fur
ther. The following is the final form of the introductory paragraph in the com
position on health hazards of the 20th century.
