Table Of ContentWorld Reference Base
for Soil Resources 2006
Ein Rahmen für internationale Klassifikation,
Korrelation und Kommunikation
Erstes Update 2007
Deutsche Ausgabe
Titelbild:
Ferralsol (Ghana), Cryosol (Russian Federation), Solonetz
(Hungary), Podzol (Austria), Phaeozem (United States
of America), Lixisol (United Republic of Tanzania),
Luvisol (Hungary). Zusammengestellt von Erika Michéli.
Kopien der deutschen Version sind verfügbar als
Download: http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Boden/
oder bei der
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe
Stilleweg 2
30655 Hannover, Deutschland
E-Mail:
World Reference Base
for Soil Resources 2006
Ein Rahmen für internationale Klassifikation,
Korrelation und Kommunikation
Erstes Update 2007
Deutsche Ausgabe
Im Auftrage der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe
übersetzt von Peter Schad
Published by arrangement with the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
by the
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)
Hannover 2008
Diese Arbeit wurde als Original von der Food and Agriculture Organization der Vereinten Nationen
(FAO) in englischer Sprache veröffentlicht als World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006 – World
Soil Series Reports Nr. 103. Die deutsche Übersetzung wurde von der Bundesanstalt für Geowissen-
schaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) organisiert; sie trägt die Verantwortung für die Qualität der Überset-
zung. Im Fall von Unstimmigkeiten gilt das englischsprachige Original.
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the ex-
pression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or prod-
ucts of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been
endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of FAO.
Deutsche Ausgabe:
IUSS Working Group WRB (2007): World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006. Erstes
Update 2007. Deutsche Ausgabe. – Übersetzt von Peter Schad. Herausgegeben von der Bun-
desanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover.
ISBN 978-3-00-024824-5
Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
Für den sachlichen Inhalt sind die Autoren verantwortlich.
© BGR, Hannover 2008, German edition
Originalausgabe:
IUSS Working Group WRB. 2006. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006. World
Soil Resources Report No. 103. FAO, Rome.
ISBN 92-5-105511-4
All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product
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iii
Inhaltsverzeichnis
VORWORT ZUR ORIGINALAUSGABE vi
DANKSAGUNG ZUR ORIGINALAUSGABE vi
VORWORT ZUR DEUTSCHEN AUSGABE ix
ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS x
1 WORLD REFERENCE BASE FOR SOIL RESOURCES: HINTERGRUND 1
Geschichte 1
Von den Anfängen zur ersten Auflage 1998 1
Von der ersten Auflage 1998 zur zweiten Auflage 2006 2
Grundsätze 3
Aufbau 4
Schlüssel zu den Referenzbodengruppen (RSGs) 5
Qualifier 6
Verwendung der Qualifier in der WRB 7
Geographische Dimension der WRB-Qualifier
– Bezug zum Kartenmaßstab 8
Gegenstand der WRB-Klassifikation 8
Die Regeln für die Klassifikation 9
Beispiel für eine Klassifikation nach WRB 10
2 DIAGNOSTISCHE HORIZONTE, EIGENSCHAFTEN UND MATERIALIEN 11
Diagnostische Horizonte 11
Albic Horizont 11
Anthraquic Horizont 12
Anthric Horizont 13
Argic Horizont 13
Calcic Horizont 15
Cambic Horizont 16
Cryic Horizont 17
Duric Horizont 18
Ferralic Horizont 19
Ferric Horizont 20
Folic Horizont 21
Fragic Horizont 21
Fulvic Horizont 22
Gypsic Horizont 23
Histic Horizont 24
Hortic Horizont 24
Hydragric Horizont 25
Irragric Horizont 25
iv
Melanic Horizont 26
Mollic Horizont 26
Natric Horizont 28
Nitic Horizont 29
Petrocalcic Horizont 30
Petroduric Horizont 31
Petrogypsic Horizont 32
Petroplinthic Horizont 33
Pisoplinthic Horizont 33
Plaggic Horizont 34
Plinthic Horizont 35
Salic Horizont 36
Sombric Horizont 36
Spodic Horizont 37
Takyric Horizont 38
Terric Horizont 39
Thionic Horizont 40
Umbric Horizont 40
Vertic Horizont 41
Voronic Horizont 42
Yermic Horizont 43
Diagnostische Eigenschaften 44
Abrupter Bodenartenwechsel 44
Albeluvic Tonguing 44
Andic Eigenschaften 44
Aridic Eigenschaften 46
Ferralic Eigenschaften 47
Geric Eigenschaften 47
Gleyic Farbmuster 47
Kontinuierlicher Fels 48
Reduzierende Verhältnisse 48
Sekundäre Carbonate 48
Stagnic Farbmuster 49
Vertic Eigenschaften 49
Vitric Eigenschaften 50
Wechsel des Ausgangsgesteins 50
Diagnostische Materialien 51
Artefakte 51
Calcaric Material 51
Colluvic Material 51
Fluvic Material 52
Gypsiric Material 52
Limnic Material 52
Mineral Material 53
Organic Material 53
Ornithogenic Material 53
Sulphidic Material 54
Technisches Festgestein 54
Tephric Material 54
3 SCHLÜSSEL ZU DEN WRB-REFERENZBODENGRUPPEN MIT DEN
LISTEN DER PRÄFIX- UND SUFIX-QUALIFIER 57
v
4 DIE REFERENZBODENGRUPPEN: EIGENSCHAFTEN, VERBREITUNG,
NUTZUNG UND MANAGEMENT 71
Acrisole 71
Albeluvisole 72
Alisole 73
Andosole 74
Anthrosole 75
Arenosole 76
Calcisole 78
Cambisole 79
Chernozeme 80
Cryosole 80
Durisole 81
Feralsole 82
Fluvisole 84
Gleysole 85
Gypsisole 86
Histosole 86
Kastanozeme 8
Leptosole 8
Lixisole 89
Luvisole 90
Nitisole 91
Phaeozeme 92
Planosole 93
Plinthosole 94
Podzole 95
Regosole 96
Solonchake 97
Solonetze 98
Stagnosole 10
Technosole 10
Umbrisole 101
Vertisole 102
5 DEFINITIONEN DER BESTANDTEILE DER EINHEITEN DER
ZWEITEN KLASIFIKATIONSEBENE 105
LITERATUR 123
ANHANG
1 ÜBERSICHT ÜBER DIE ANALYSEMETHODEN ZUR BODENCHARAKTERISIERUNG 125
2 EMPFOHLENE SYMBOLE FÜR DIE REFERENZBODENGRUPPEN, QUALIFIER
UND SPECIFIER 129
vi
Tabellenverzeichnis
1. Vereinfachter Schlüssel zu den WRB-Referenzbodengruppen 5
2. Präfix- und Suffix-Qualifier in der WRB – Beispiel Cryosole 7
vii
Vorwort zur Originalausgabe
The first official version of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) was released at the
16th World Congress of Soil Science at MontpeIlier in 1998. At the same event, it was also endorsed
and adopted as the system for soil correlation and international communication of the International
Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS).
After eight years of intensive worldwide testing and data coIlection, the current state-of-the-art of the
WRB is presented. This publication reflects the valuable work of the authors of the earlier drafts and
the first version of the WRB, as well as the experiences and contributions of many soil scientists who
participated in the work of the IUSS Working Group on the WRB.
Globalization and global environmental issues necessitate harmonization and correlation of techni-
cal languages, such as the one used in soil science. It is hoped that this publication will contribute to
the understanding of soil science in the public debate and in the scientific community.
The publication has been made possible by the sustained efforts of a large group of expert authors,
and the co operation and logistic support of the IUSS, the International Soil Reference and Information
Centre (ISRIC) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
Erika Michéli (Vorsitz), Peter Schad (Stellvertretender Vorsitz) and Otto Spaargaren (Sekretär)
IUSS Arbeitsgruppe WRB
David Dent
ISRIC – World Soil Information
Freddy Nachtergaele
Land and Water Development Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
viii
Danksagung zur Originalausgabe
The text of this publication is based on numerous valuable contributions from hundreds of soil scien-
tists worldwide. They participated in field tours, workshops and conferences; they sent comments, and
they tested the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) approach. This publication would not
have been possible without the support of a number of international institutes and organizations, nota-
bly the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the National Resources Con-
servation Service of the United States of America, the European Soil Bureau hosted by the Joint Re-
search Centre of the European Commission, the West and Central African Union of Soil Scientists
Association, and the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) - World Soil Informa-
tion, to name only the major ones. Last but not least, the Working Group World Reference Base of the
International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) was supported by other IUSS working groups, in particular
the Soils in Urban, Industrial, Traffic and Mining Areas Working Group and the Cryosol Working Group
of the IUSS/International Permafrost Association. National soil institutes in many countries assisted in
WRB field tours, and organized conferences and WRB summer schools (listed in Chapter 1).
This edition has been edited by Erika Micheli (Szent Istvan University, Hungary), Peter Schad
(Technische Universität München, Germany) and Otto Spaargaren (ISRIC – World Soil Information,
Netherlands). Particular mention should go to Richard Arnold (United States of America), Hans-Peter
Blume (Germany) and Rudi Dudal (Belgium). They were involved from then of t inceptio he Interna-
tional Reference Base, more than 25 years ago, and have provided invaluable institutional memory for
the objectives and approach.
The Working Group wishes to express its gratitude to FAO for its support and for making possible
the printing and distribution of this publication.
