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K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors
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World of Earth Science
K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner
Project Editor Permissions Product Design
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A. McGrath, Brigham Narins, Mark Springer
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ISBN 0-7876-7739-6 (set)
No part of this work covered by the copyright 0-7876-7740-X (vol. 1)
hereon may be reproduced or used in any 0-7876-7741-8 (vol. 2)
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
World of earth science / K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-7739-6 (set)—ISBN 0-7876-7740-X (v. 1)—ISBN
0-7876-7741-8 (v. 2)
1. Earth sciences—Encyclopedias. I. Lerner, K. Lee. II. Lerner,
Brenda Wilmoth.
QE5 .W59 2003
550’.3—dc21 2002012069
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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CONTENTS •
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Aretes
Armstrong, Neil
HOW TO USE THE BOOK . . . . . . . xv Arrhenius, Svante August
Artesian
ADVISORY BOARD . . . . . . . . . . . xvi Asia
Asteroids
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . xvi Asthenosphere
Astrolabe
A Astronomy
Abyssal plains Atmospheric chemistry
Acid rain Atmospheric circulation
Adamantine Atmospheric composition and structure
Adiabatic heating Atmospheric inversion layers
Advection Atmospheric lapse rate
Aerodynamics Atmospheric pollution
Africa Atmospheric pressure
Agassiz, Jean Louis Atom
Agricola, Georgius Atomic mass and weight
Air masses and fronts Atomic number
Alkaline earth metals Atomic theory
Alloy Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australialis
Alluvial system Australia
Aluminum Avalanche
Alvarez, Luis Aviation physiology
Amorphous
Analemma
B
Andesite
Anning, Mary Ballard, Robert Duane
Antarctica Banded iron formation
Aphanitic Barrier islands
Aquifer Barringer meteor crater
Archean Basalt
Archeological mapping Basin and range topography
Area Batholith
v
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Contents WORLDOF EARTH SCIENCE
•
Bathymetric mapping Channel patterns
Beach and shoreline dynamics Chaos theory (meteorological aspects)
Beaufort, Sir Francis Chemical bonds and physical properties
Beaufort wind scale Chemical elements
Becquerel, Antoine-Henri Chemistry
Bed or traction load Chemoautotrophic and chemolithotrophic bacteria as
Bedding weathering agents
Bedforms (ripples and dunes) Chert
Bedrock Chloroflourocarbon (CFC)
Beebe, Charles William Chronostratigraphy
Benett, Etheldred Clay
Benioff zone Cloud seeding
Berner, Robert A. Clouds and cloud types
Bernoulli, Daniel Coal
Bernoulli’s principle Comets
Bessel, Friedrich Condensation
Big Bang theory Continental divide
Biogeochemical cycles Continental drift theory
Biosphere Continental shelf
Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart Convection (updrafts and downdrafts)
Blizzards and lake effect snows Convergent plate boundary
Bohr model Cook, James
Bohr, Niels Copernicus, Nicolaus
Bowen’s reaction series Coral reefs and corals
Brahe, Tycho Coriolis effect
Braun, Wernher von Coronal ejections and magnetic storms
Breccia Correlation (geology)
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Corrosion
Cosmic microwave background radiation
Cosmic ray
C
Cosmology
Calcareous ooze Country rock
Caldera Cousteau, Jacques-Yves
Caliche Crater, volcanic
Cambrian Period Craton
Cannon, Annie Jump Creep
Canyon Cretaceous Period
Carbon Cross cutting
Carbon dating Crust
Carbon dioxide Crutzen, Paul J.
Carmichael Stopes, Marie Charlotte Crystals and crystallography
Carson, Rachel Curie, Marie
Cartography Curie, Pierre
Catastrophic mass movements Cuvier, Georges
Catastrophism Cyclosilicates
Cave
Cave minerals and speleothems
D
CCD (Carbonate Compensation Depth)
Celestial sphere: The apparent movements of the Sun, Darcey, Henry Philibert Gaspard
Moon, planets, and stars Darwin, Charles Robert
Cenozoic Era Dating methods
Chalcophiles, lithophiles, siderophiles, and atmophiles Davis, William Morris
Challenger expedition Debris flow
vi
•
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WORLDOF EARTH SCIENCE Contents
•
Deep sea exploration F
Delta
Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel
Depositional environments
Faraday, Michael
Desalination Faults and fractures
Desert and desertification Feldspar
Devonian Period Felsic
Dew point Ferrel’s law
Diamond Ferromagnetic
Diatoms Fersman, Aleksandr Evgenievich
Dike Feynman, Richard
Diurnal cycles Field methods in geology
Divergent plate boundary Fissure
Dolomite Fjords
Douglas, Andrew Ellicot Floods
Douglas sea scale Focused Ion Beam (FIB)
Drainage basins and drainage patterns Fog
Drainage calculations and engineering Folds
Drought Forests and deforestation
Dune fields Fossil record
Dunes Fossilization of bacteria
Dust storms Fossils and fossilization
Franklin, Benjamin
Frasch, Herman
E Freezing and melting
Freshwater
Earle, Sylvia A.
Fuels and fuel chemistry
Earth, interior structure
Fujita, Tetsuya Theodore
Earth (planet)
Fumarole
Earth science
Earthquake
Eclipse G
Einstein, Albert
Gagarin, Yuri A.
EIS (Environmental Impact Statement)
Gaia hypothesis
El Niño and La Niña phenomena
Galilei, Galileo
Electricity and magnetism
Gell-Mann, Murray
Electromagnetic spectrum
Gemstones
Elles, Gertrude
Geochemistry
Empedocles of Acragas
Geographic and magnetic poles
Energy transformations
Geologic map
Environmental pollution
Geologic time
Eocene Epoch
Geology
Eolian processes
Geothermal deep ocean vents
Eratosthenes of Cyrene
Geothermal energy
Erosion Geothermal gradient
Estuary Gesner, Konrad von
Europe Geyser
Evaporation GIS
Evolution Glacial landforms
Evolution, evidence of Glaciation
Evolutionary mechanisms Glaciers
Exfoliation Glass
Extrusive cooling Glenn Jr., John H.
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Contents WORLDOF EARTH SCIENCE
•
Global warming Hydrologic cycle
Gneiss Hydrostatic pressure
Goddard, Robert Hydrothermal processes
Goldschmidt, Victor
GPS
I
Granite
Graphite Ice
Gravitational constant Ice ages
Gravity and the gravitational field Ice heaving and wedging
Great Barrier Reef Icebergs
Great Lakes Igneous rocks
Greenhouse gases and greenhouse effect Impact crater
Greenstone belt Industrial minerals
Groundwater Inosilicates
Guericke, Otto von Insolation and total solar irradiation
Gulf of Mexico International Council of Scientific Unions World Data
Gulf stream Center System
Guyot, Arnold Henri International Space Station (ISS)
Guyots and atolls Intrusive cooling
Gypsum Ionosphere
Iron
Island arcs
H
Isobars
Half-life Isomorph
Halley, Edmund Isostacy
Harrison, John Isotherm
Hauptman, Herbert A.
Hawaiian Island formation
J
Hawking, Stephen
Herschel, Caroline Lucretia Jansky, Karl
Herschel, Sir William Jemison, Mae C.
Hess, Harry Hammond Jet stream
Hildebrand, Alan Russell Johnson, Harold S.
Historical geology Joint and jointing
History of exploration I (Ancient and classical) Jurassic Period
History of exploration II (Age of exploration)
History of exploration III (Modern era)
K
History of geoscience: Women in the history of geo-
science Karst topography
History of manned space exploration Kepler, Johannes
Holmes, Arthur K-Tevent
Holocene Epoch
Hornfels
L
Hotspots
Howard, Luke Lahar
Hoyle, Fred Lakes
Hubble, Edwin Land and sea breezes
Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Landforms
Humbolt, Alexander von Landscape evolution
Humidity Landslide
Hutton, James Laterite
Hydrocarbons Latitude and longitude
Hydrogeology Lava
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WORLDOF EARTH SCIENCE Contents
•
Leaching Molina, Mario
Lead Monocline
Lemann, Inge Moon
Libby, Willard F.
Moraines
Lightning
Morley, Edward Williams
Limestone
Morley, Lawrence Whitaker
Lineation
Moslander, Carl Gustaf
Linné, Carl von
Mountain chains
Lippershey, Hans
Mud flow
Lithification
Lithosphere Muir, John
Lithospheric plates Murchison meteorite
Longshore drift Murchison, Roderick
Lyell, Charles
N
M
Natural gas
Mafic
Nesosilicates
Magellan, Ferdinand
Newton, Sir Isaac
Magma
Niche
Magma chamber
North America
Magnetic field
Nuclear fission
Magnetism and magnetic properties
Nuclear fusion
Mantle plumes
Mapping techniques Nuclear winter
Marble Nucleate and nucleation
Marine transgression and marine regression Nuee ardent
Mass movement
Mass wasting
O
Matthews, Drummond
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Obsidian
Maxwell, James Clerk
Ocean circulation and currents
Mendeleev, Dmitry
Ocean trenches
Mercator, Gerhard
Oceanography
Mesosphere
Oceans and seas
Mesozoic Era
Odén, Svante N. F.
Metals
Offshore bars
Metamorphic rock
Metamorphism Oligocene Epoch
Meteoroids and meteorites Olivine
Meteorology Ophiolite suites
Mid-ocean ridges and rifts Ordovician Period
Mid-plate earthquakes Orientation of strata
Migmatite
Origin of life
Milankovitch cycles
Orogeny
Miller-Urey experiment
Ortelius, Abraham
Mineralogy
Owen, Sir Richard
Minerals
Oxidation-reduction reaction
Miocene Epoch
Oxygen
Mississippian Period
Mohorovicic, Andrija Ozone
Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho) Ozone layer and ozone hole dynamics
Mohs’scale Ozone layer depletion
ix
•
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Contents WORLDOF EARTH SCIENCE
•
P Q
Paleocene Epoch Quantum electrodynamics (QED)
Paleoclimate Quantum theory and mechanics
Paleomagnetics Quartz
Paleozoic Era Quasars
Quaternary Period
Partial melting
Pegmatite
Pennsylvanian Period R
Penzias, Arno
RADAR and SONAR
Peridotite
Radioactive waste storage (geologic considerations)
Periodic table (Predicting the structure and properties
Radioactivity
of the elements)
Radon production, detection, and elimination
Permafrost Rainbow
Permian Period Rapids and waterfalls
Perutz, Max Rate factors in geologic processes
Petroleum Ray, John
Petroleum detection Red tide
Petroleum, economic uses of Regolith
Petroleum extraction Relativity theory
Petroleum, history of exploration Relief
Remote sensing
Petroleum microbiology
Revolution and rotation
pH
Rhyolite
Phanerozoic Eon
Richardson, Lewis Fry
Phase state changes
Richter, Charles F.
Phyllite
Richter scale
Phyllosilicates
Ride, Sally
Physical geography
Rifting and rift valleys
Physics
Rip current
Piccard, Jacques Ernest-Jean
Ritter, Carl
Pipe, volcanic Rivers
Plagioclase Rock
Planck, Max Rockfall
Plate tectonics Rowland, F. Sherwood
Pleistocene Epoch Runcorn, S. K.
Pliocene Epoch Runoff
Pluton and plutonic bodies
Polar axis and tilt
S
Polar ice
Sagan, Carl
Polymorph
Salt wedging
Ponnamperuma, Cyril
Saltation
Porosity and permeability
Saltwater
Prairie
Saltwater encroachment
Precambrian
Sand
Precious metals
Sandstone
Precipitation
Satellite
Projection Saturated zone
Proterozoic Era Schist
Ptolemy Schrödinger, Erwin
Pumice Scientific data management in Earth sciences
x
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