World Economic Plants : A Standard Reference, Second Edition

1338 Pages·2013·60.44 MB·English

by  León

Botany Wiersema
Second Edition
León
WORLD
Second Edition
WORLD ECONOMIC
PLANTS ECONOMIC
W
A STANDARD REFERENCE
O
PLANTS
Given the frequent movement of commercial plants outside their native location, the R
consistent and standard use of plant names for proper identification and communication A
L
has become increasingly important. This second edition of World Economic Plants: A
Standard Reference is a key tool in the maintenance of standards for the basic science S D
underlying the quest for security of food and other economic plant resources. Containing a T
substantial increase in content from the previous edition, this comprehensive and acces- A
A STANDARD REFERENCE
sible work now documents more than 12,000 economically important vascular plants. E
N
S
This volume covers plants and plant products that are traded, regulated, or otherwise C
e D
important to international commerce. The plant names and uses have been meticulously
c
checked against the literature and by external peer reviewers, and names are up to date in A O John H. Wiersema
o
their taxonomic classification and nomenclaturally correct according to international rules. n R
N
Each entry includes the accepted scientific (Latin) name, synonyms, economic impor- Blanca León
d D
tance, common names in a variety of languages, and the geographical distribution of the

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species. The information on each plant can be accessed through either its scientific or E
R
common name, providing a global perspective on its native, introduced, or cultivated d
M
geographical distribution, and its economic usage or impacts. i E
t
i F
This reference covers all major groups of economic plants, including those used for o I
human or animal food, materials, medicines, environmental purposes, gene sources for n E C
breeding, social purposes, as well as ones with negative impacts such as poisonous or R
disease-harboring plants or weeds. This compilation provides scientists, professionals, E
P
and students from various backgrounds with a global standard for communication
N
regarding economically important plants. As collaboration across plant science increases,
L
comprehensive standardized references such as this one are indispensable for addressing C
the global issues involved with agriculture and other human uses of plant diversity. E A
New this edition: N
• Includes over 25 percent more economic plants—approximately 2,700 new plants
T
• Comprises twice the data content of the first edition
• Contains more than 50,000 common names in all principal world languages, S
now including some in their original scripts
K11135
S e c o n d E d i t i o n
WORLD
ECONOMIC
PLANTS
A STANDARD REFERENCE

S e c o n d E d i t i o n
WORLD
ECONOMIC
PLANTS
A STANDARD REFERENCE
John H. Wiersema
Blanca León
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Cover photos courtesy of USDA Agricultural Research Service Information Staff and Natural Resources Conservation Service.
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Version Date: 20121030
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-7681-0 (eBook - PDF)
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Edward McKinley Bird

Edward McKinley Bird was born in Portland, Oregon in countries to assist with the development of the Latin
1951. He received his Bachelor’s degree from Linfield American Maize Project, which later contributed many
College in McMinnville, Oregon in 1973 and a Doctor of thousands of maize accessions to NPGS. He assisted the
Philosophy in zoology from the University of Maryland in Russian Federation with the development of their current
1982. After graduation, he worked as a computer specialist germplasm database system, worked with Brazil in the
for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture design of their national germplasm database, was
Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, from 1984 until instrumental in the development of India’s National
his untimely death in 2001. His academic training in Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources database and computer
marine ecology provided him with critical insight for his facility, and was a principal figure in initiating the
pioneering software development work for the Germplasm Canadian plant germplasm database patterned after GRIN.
Resources Information Network (GRIN) database of the He also advised the Taiwan genetic resources center and
U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). worked with Germany’s Centre for Documentation and
Information in Agriculture (ZADI) in the development of a
Ed was a man with a special love for his work, a ready method for linking GRIN to their system. Ed had global
smile, an infectious laugh, and great intelligence. He had a impact on many information systems affecting the
wonderful ability to examine a particular subject area operation of numerous genetic resource centers.
without personal bias and generate a comprehensive and
in-depth analysis. He also had a remarkable ability to recall It is not just our esteem for Ed as a worthy and influential
detailed information that he acquired days, months, or even scientific colleague, or our appreciation for his wonderful
years before, understand its relevance, and apply the personality and valued friendship, that leads us to dedicate
information to whatever task he was doing at the time. this book to him. Without the tremendous effort that he
invested in developing software that enabled us to extract
Ed’s biological background and perspective gave him an and format data directly from GRIN, we could never have
inside understanding of the needs of the organismic data- published the earlier edition of this work. This effort far
base systems he developed. His work on the GRIN exceeded what his position would have dictated as
database resulted in a very stable system based on ex- necessary. The same software has remained just as crucial
ceptional analysis and design that remains the foundation to us in the preparation of this edition. It was also his
of the current system. software that brought GRIN Taxonomy to the Internet
some 20 years ago, and has been the foundation for its
Ed gained respect around the world for his expertise in subsequent development by the senior author. His tragic
developing state-of-the-art genetic resource databases. loss left a gaping hole in the NPGS that for those of us
Early in his career, he traveled to several Latin American who knew him will never be filled.
v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ix
INTRODUCTION xi
DISCUSSION OF CONTENT xii
Scientific Names xii
Synonymy xiv
Common names xiv
Economic Importance xvi
Geographical Distribution xxi
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxiv
REFERENCES CITED xxvi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi
LIST OF REVIEWERS xxxii
CATALOG OF ECONOMIC PLANTS 1
INDICES OF COMMON NAMES
LATIN-SCRIPT LANGUAGES 739
NON-LATIN-SCRIPT LANGUAGES
Arabic 1248
Chinese 1253
Greek 1272
Hebrew 1274
Japanese 1277
Korean 1289
Russian 1293

FOREWORD
Earth’s population reached 7 billion in 2011 and is international standard. Each entry includes the accepted
estimated to reach 9 billion by 2050. Against these scientific (Latin) name, synonyms, common names in a
numbers our ability to feed all these people using current variety of languages, and the native geographical distri-
agricultural systems has come into sharp focus. Food bution of the species. This update is a substantial increase
security has become a watchword, and the future of food of content on the 1999 edition, appropriately so for the
and farming is now of concern not only to those working beginning of the second decade of the millennium. This
in agriculture, but to politicians and policy makers compilation of plant names will allow scientists of all sorts
worldwide. It is one of society’s grand challenges. Against to ensure they are talking about the same things as we
this background of urgency and political scrutiny, accurate increasingly work together across plant science to address
and well-documented scientific information is ever more the global issues involved with agriculture and other
important. human uses of plant diversity.

Most of the calories in the human diet are obtained from To some it might seem superfluous to record information
only a handful of plant species – to paraphrase Sir Winston about so many plants of economic importance when the
Churchill: never did so many depend upon so few. People human species only depends on so few for most of our diet.
are attached to their foods; as human beings moved over This overdependence on a few species, however, obscures
the face of the Earth they took with them key foodstuffs, our societal use of many, some of these very local, but
often transporting crops far from their origins. We often culturally and nutritionally critical. The Global Strategy for
think of this process of globalization as being a recent Plant Conservation (GSPC), agreed by the Conference of
phenomenon, but globalization has been with us for a long the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, has
time. The movement of plants by people can bring new as one of its targets for 2020 the conservation of “70 per
foods to new lands, but additional problems in identi- cent of the genetic diversity of crops including their wild
fication can result from application of names to the crops relatives and other socio-economically valuable plant
we cultivate. Names might seem trivial in the face of a species conserved, while respecting, preserving, and main-
global crisis in food security, but never has their consistent taining associated indigenous and local knowledge.” This
and standard use been more necessary. challenging target depends upon knowledge of what
species are used, which are the same as those used in other
How can international commerce or trade be rationally and parts of the world, and, crucially, which names refer to the
efficiently undertaken if we do not call that which is being same thing. It also encompasses more than just agriculture
traded by the same name? How can we possibly undertake – plants are important for human well-being in a multitude
biodiversity-based plant breeding if we are not talking of ways, and ornamentals provide us with those aesthetic
about the same thing in the globalised world of scientific ecosystem services the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
endeavor? This book and the accompanying searchable highlighted as equally critical to human well-being as
web resource, ongoing and continuously updated refer- those provisioning services like food and fiber.
ences for the names of economically important plants, are
key tools in the maintenance of standards for the basic Biodiversity underpins ecosystem functioning, including
science underpinning society’s quest for food security. our own use of selected species and our potential use of
others. Knowing the names of economically important
This monumental work documents more than 12,000 plants allows us to communicate about them in a standard,
economically important plants about which information is global way. It is only by communicating, by having a
also held in the USDA/ARS’s Germplasm Resources conversation, that we can go any way to solving the dual
Information Network (GRIN). The plant names here are challenges of feeding the world and conserving the diver-
not just a compilation of what exists in cyberspace, but sity of life on Earth for the benefit of all. Comprehensive,
have been meticulously checked against the literature and standardized, scholarly references like this one are
are up to date, nomenclaturally correct, and are a true indispensable for the tasks ahead.

Sandra Knapp
The Natural History Museum, London