Table Of ContentWORLD CROPS: COOL SEASON FOOD LEGUMES
CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
Aims and Scope of the Bookseries
The bookseries is intended for readers ranging from advanced students to senior
research scientists and corporate directors interested in acquiring in-depth, state
of-the-art knowledge about research findings and techniques related to plant
science and biotechnology. While the subject matter will relate more particularly
to agricultural applications, timely topics in basic plant science and biotechnology
will be explored as well. Some volumes will report progress in rapidly advancing
disciplines through proceedings of symposia and workshops while others will
detail fundamental information of an enduring nature that will be referenced
repeatedly.
Scientific Editor: F.A. Bliss, University of Wisconsin, Dept of Horticulture, 1575
Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Scientific Advisory Board:
P.S. Baenziger, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebr.
K. Barton, Agracetus Corp., Middleton, Wisc.
F. Cannon, Biotechnica Int., Cambridge, Mass.
A. Galston, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
J. Lyman Snow, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
C.P. Meredith, University of California, Davis, Calif.
N.C. Nielsen, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.
J. Sprent, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
D.P.S. Verma, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
Evans, H.J., Bottomley, P.J. and Newton, W.E. (eds): Nitrogen fixation research
progress. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3255-7
Zimmerman, R.H., Griesbach, R.J., Hammerschlag, F.A. and Lawson, R.H.
(eds): Tissue culture as a plant production system for horticultural crops. 1986.
ISBN 90-247-3378-2
Verma, D.P.S. and Brisson, N. (eds): Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Inter
actions. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3426-6
Civerolo, E.L., Collmer, A., Davis, R.E. and Gillaspie, A.G. (eds): Plant Patho
genic Bacteria. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3476-2
Summerfield, R.J. (ed.): World Crops: Cool Season Food Legumes. 1988.
ISBN 90-247-3641-2
World crops:
Cool season food legumes
A global perspective of the problems and prospects for crop improvement
in pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea
Proceedings of the International Food Legume Research Conference on Pea,
Lentil, Faba Bean and Chickpea held at the Sheraton Hotel, Spokane, Washington,
USA; 6-11 July 1986
edited by
R.J. SUMMERFIELD
University oj Reading, Reading, UK
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
world crops.
(Current plant science and biotechnology in
agriculture)
Proceedings of the International Food Legume
Research Conference on Pea, Lentil, Faba Bean, and
Chickpea, held in Spokane, Wash., July 6-11, 1986.
Includes index.
1. Legumes--Congresses. 2. Food crops--Congresses.
3. Legumes as food--Congresses. I. Summerfield, R. J.
II. International Food Legume Research Conference on
Pea, Lentil, Faba Bean, and Chickpea (1986 : Spokane,
Wash.) III. Title: Cool season food legumes.
IV. Series.
SB177.L45W67 1988 635'.65 87-31341
ISBN· I 3: 978·94·0 I O· 7742·2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2764-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-2764-3
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
All Rights Reserved
© 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1988
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
Contents
About the Conference Xlll
Organising Committee - Institutional Hosts xv
International Advisory Board - International Observer XVll
Benefactors of the Conference XIX
Contributing Authors XXI
Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgements xxxv
Editorial Notes and Glossary XXXVll
International programmes 1
Food legume research sponsored by the United States Agency for
International Development (A.LD.)
by N. C. Brady 3
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) International Food
Legume Development Programme
by H. A. Al-Jibouri 7
International Development Research Centre (IDRC) support for
research on cool season food legume crops in Asia and North
Africa
by G. C. Hawtin and G. R. Potts 17
Research on cool season food legumes at the International Center
for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
by M. C. Saxena and P. R. Goldsworthy 25
Research on food legumes at the International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), with special
reference to chickpea
by Y. L. Nene and J. S. Kanwar 39
Activities of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
(IBPGR)
by J. T. Williams, N. Murthi Anishetty and J. Konopka 47
VI Table of contents
Genetic resources 53
Genetic basis for pulse crop improvement: collection, preservation
and genetic variation in relation to needed traits
by L. J. G. van der Maesen, W. J. Kaiser, G. A. Marx and M.
Worede 55
Current status of cool season food legume crop improvement: an
assessment of critical needs
by G. C. Hawtin, F. J. Muehlbauer, A. E. Slinkard and K. B. Singh 67
Breeding cool season food legumes for improved performance in
stress environments
by 1. W. Buddenhagen and R. A. Richards 81
Breeding for disease resistance in pulse crops
by C. C. Bernier, G. Bijiga, Y. L. Nene and R. Cousin 97
Screening and breeding for insect resistance in pea, lentil, faba bean
and chickpea
by W. Reed, C. Cardona, S. S. Lateef and S. 1. Bishara 107
Breeding for morphological traits
by W. Erskine, A. M. N as sib and A. Telaye 117
Workshop: Integration of information on plant diversity
by R. H. Lockerman, F. A. Bisby and L. J. G. van der Maesen 129
Cropping systems 135
Factors which limit the productivity of cool season food legumes in
Turkey
by D. Sakar, N. Durutan and K. Meyveci 137
Nitrogen fixation and productivity of chickpea in India
by N. S. Subba Rao 147
Factors which limit production of pea in Burundi
by M. Nijimbere, M. Kayibigi, A. Autrique and A. D. Malithano 159
Improvement of nitrogen fixation and yield of lentil and chickpea
crops in Turkey
by M. L. Cakmakci, D. F. Bezdicek and D. Sakar 167
Potential for winter chickpea in Morocco
byM. Kamal 175
Impact of conservation tillage on grain legume crops and their
associated pests
by A. R. Putnam 181
Nitrogen fixation and yield of faba bean, lentil and chickpea in
response to selected agricultural practices in Egypt
by M. Abdel-Daiem, M. F. Hassan, Y. A. Hamdi and A. S. Abdel-
Ghaffar 189
Phosphorus deficiency in the semi-arid tropics and implications for
grain legume production
by S. Koala, J. R. Sims, H. EI-Attar and M. EI-Halfawi 205
Table of contents Vll
Factors which limit the productivity of cool season food legumes in
Nepal
by A. N. Bhattarai, M. P. Bharati and B. K. Gyawali 217
Factors which limit cool season food legume productivity m
Bangladesh
by M. M. Rahman and R. N. Mallick 229
Management and tillage 235
Managing systems for increasing productivity of pulses in dryland
agriculture
by R. I. Pape n dick, S. L. Chowdhury and C. Johansen 237
Stand establishment in pulse crops
by B. A. Snobar, D. E. Wilkins, A. Hadjichristodoulou and
N. I. Haddad 257
Water requirements and the irrigation management of pea, lentil,
faba bean and chickpea crops
by S. M. Farah, A. Arar and D. E. Miller 271
Soil fertility requirements of pea, lentil, chickpea and faba bean
by R. L. Mahler, M. C. Saxena and J. Aeschlimarm 279
Strategies for improving soil and water management research and
networking in semi-arid regions of developing countries
by J. F. Parr, R. I. Papendick, R. E. Meyer and J. C. Day 291
Harvesting and storage 301
Harvesting and storage factors that affect seed quality in pea, lentil,
faba bean and chickpea
by R. H. Ellis, P. K. Agrawal and E. E. Roos 303
Seed storage practices and problems for cool season food legumes
by J. C. Delouche 331
Methods of harvesting pulse crops
by N. I. Haddad, A. B. Salkini, P. Jagatheeswaran and
B.A.Snobar 341
Identification, significance and transmission of seed borne pathogens
by S. B. Mathur, M. P. Haware and R. O. Hampton 351
Insect depredation during storage
by A. G. Bushara 367
Processing and utilization 379
Seed quality and nutritional goals in pea, lentil, faba bean and
chickpea breeding
by R. Bressani and L. G. Elias 381
Utilization of food legumes in human nutrition
by C. W. Newman, R. K. Newman and R. H. Lockerman 405
viii Table of contents
Trends in product development and the processing of peas in the
United Kingdom
byY. D. Arthey 413
Future potential of pulses for use in animal feeds
by R. R. Marquardt and J. M. Bell 421
Quality screening and evaluation in pulse breeding
by P. C. Williams and U. Singh 445
Economics, marketing and policies 459
Trends, situation and outlook for the world pulse economy
by Barbara Bennett Agostini and Doud Khan 461
Significance of government policies and programmes in international
marketing of pulses worldwide
by A. van den Akker 483
Trends in supply and demand of pulses with special reference to
chickpea
by M. von Oppen and P. Parthasarathy Rao 487
Future trends in supply and demand of pea and lentil
byH. L. Blain 501
Biotic limitations 513
Workshop: Seed pathogens of food legumes
by W. J. Kaiser, N. W. Schaad, G. I. Mink and R. O. Hampton 515
Pest, disease and weed problems in pea, lentil, faba bean and
chickpea
by H. F. van Emden, S. L. Ball and M. R. Rao 519
Weeds in food legumes: problems, effects and control
by C. M. Knott and H. M. Halila 535
Parasitic weeds on cool season food legumes
by J. I. Cubero, A. Pieterse, A. R. Saghir and S. ter Borg 549
Root rot and wilt diseases of food legumes
by J. M. Kraft, M. P. Haware and M. M. Hussein 565
Fungal and bacterial foliar diseases of pea, lentil, faba bean and
chickpea
by Y. L. Nene, S. B. Hanounik, S. H. Qureshi and B. Sen 577
Viruses and virus diseases of pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea
by L. Bos, R. O. Hampton and K. M. Makkouk 591
Integrated pest management 617
Seedling vigour and susceptibility to diseases and pests
by S. Matthews, Alison A. Powell and S. C. Spaeth 619
Table of contents ix
Soil compaction and crop residue management effects on root
diseases of annual food legumes
by R. R. Allmaras, J. M. Kraft and A. J. M. Smucker 627
Interactions of tillage and soil management practices on the bio-
logical control of diseases and pests
byR. J. Cook 649
Rhizobium and N2 fixation 661
Competition for legume nodule occupancy: a down-to-earth limita-
tion on nitrogen fixation
by E. L. Schmidt 663
Inter-strain competition for rhizosphere colonization and nodule
occupancy in the pea, lentil and chickpea/Rhizobium symbioses
by B. B. Bohlool, D. F. Bezdicek, P. Somasegaran and H. Moawad 675
Improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation through the genetic manipula-
tion of Rhizobium and legume host plants
by J. E. Beringer, T. A. Bisseling and T. A. LaRue 691
Rhizosphere interactions with special reference to vesicular-arbuscu-
lar mycorrhizae
byD.Parkinson 703
15N addition methods for assessing N 2 fixation under field conditions
by J. F. Witty, R. J. Rennie and C. A. Atkins 715
Role of inoculants in improving nitrogen fixation in legumes
by K. W. Clark, J. Brockwell and J. A. Thompson 731
Workshop: Use of 15N in field experiments involving measurement
of biologically fixed nitrogen
by M. Fried 745
Carbon and nitrogen economy of nodulated legumes 749
Partitioning of carbon and nitrogen in the nodulated grain legume:
principles, processes and regulation
by J. S. Pate, C. A. Atkins, M. B. Peoples and D. F. Herridge 751
Oxygen supply to nodules as a limiting factor in symbiotic nitrogen
fixation
by R. F. Denison, P. R. Weisz and T. R. Sinclair 767
The importance of hydrogen recycling in nitrogen fixation by
legumes
by H. J. Evans, S. A. Russell, F. J. Hanus and T. Ruiz-Argueso 777
Translocation and utilization of nitrogen by pulses
by D. F. Herridge, M. N. Sudin, J. S. Pate and M. B. Peoples 793
Environmental effects on nitrogen fixation
by J. I. Sprent, J. H. Stephens and O. P. Rupela 801
x Table of contents
Environmental stress 811
Factors which affect water use efficiency in rainfed production of
food legumes, and their measurement
by P. J. M. Cooper, G. S. Campbell, M. C. Heath and P. D.
Hebblethwaite 813
Winterhardiness in pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea
by G. A. Murray, D. Eser, L. V. Gusta and G. Eteve 831
High temperature stress
by M. C. Saxena, N. P. Saxena and A. K. Mohamed 845
Root growth of chickpea, faba bean, lentil and pea and effects of
water and salt stresses
by P. J. Gregory 857
Nutrient requirements of pulses
by A. D. Robson 869
Physiology 883
Critical physiological traits in pulse crops
by R. C. Hardwick 885
Seed and seedling vigour
by E. H. Roberts and K. Osei-Bonsu 897
Photo-thermal regulation of flowering in pea, lentil, faba bean and
chickpea
by R. J. Summerfield and E. H. Roberts 911
Senescence in pulse crops
by R. C. Hardwick and M. O. Kelly 923
Role of physiology in pulse crop improvement: a plant breeding
perspective
by A. E. Slinkard and J. S. Sindhu 931
Breeding and biotechnology 941
Population improvement in pulse crops: an assessment of methods
and techniques
by F. J. Muehlbauer, R. J. Redden, A. M. Nassib, L. D. Robertson
and J. B. Smithson 943
Exploitation of wild relatives of the food legumes
by G. Ladizinsky, B. Pickersgill and K. Yamamoto 967
Applications of isozyme analysis in pulse crops
by N. F. Weeden, D. Zamir and Y. Tadmor 979
Applications of molecular genetics to crop improvement
by T. K. Blake and A. Kleinhofs 989
Selecting and breeding grain legumes for enhanced nitrogen fixation
by F. A. Bliss and J. C. Miller, Jr 1001
