Working Families and Growing Kids: Caring for Children and Adolescents

367 Pages·2003·4.58 MB·English

by  Committee on Family And Work Policies

Committee on Family and Work Policies
Eugene Smolensky and Jennifer Appleton Gootman, editors
Board on Children, Youth, and Families
Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board
of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medi-
cine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special
competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the Foundation for Child Development, the Ford Foundation,
and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or
recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessar-
ily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Workshop on Caring for Infants and Toddlers (2001 : Washington, D.C.)
Working families and growing kids : caring for children and adolescents / Committee on
Family and Work Policies ; Eugene Smolensky and Jennifer Appleton Gootman, editors.
p. cm.
“Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and
Education.” “This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. XXX between the National
Academy of Sciences and the Foundation for Child Development, the Ford Foundation, and
the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.” “This report is a product of the Committee on
Family and Work Policies, a project of the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute
of Medicine (IOM)”—P. .
A report based on presentations from a one-day October 2001 Workshop on Caring for
Infants and Toddlers convened by the Committee, with additional data from other researchers
and consultants. Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-309-08703-1 (hardcover) — ISBN 0-309-52587-X (PDF)
1. Child welfare—United States—Congresses. 2. Children of working parents—Care—
United States. 3. School-age child care—United States—Congresses. 4. Child development—
United States—Congresses. 5. Work and family—Government policy—United States—Con-
gresses. I. Smolensky, Eugene. II. Gootman, Jennifer Appleton. III. Committee on Family and
Work Policies (U.S.) IV. National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Children, Youth, and
Families. V. National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and
Education. VI. Title.
HV741.W69 2001
362.7′0973—dc22
2003015125
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth
Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; [phone] or [phone] (in
the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Suggested citation: National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2003). Working
Families and Growing Kids: Caring for Children and Adolescents. Committee on Family and
Work Policies. Eugene Smolensky and Jennifer A. Gootman, eds. Board on Children, Youth,
and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC:
The National Academies Press.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated
to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare.
Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Acad-
emy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and
technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of
Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of
the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engi-
neers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members,
sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the
federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer-
ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is presi-
dent of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute
acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its
congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own
initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V.
Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the
Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.
Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the
Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy
of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Coun-
cil is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr.
Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the
National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org

COMMITTEE ON FAMILY AND WORK POLICIES
EUGENE SMOLENSKY (Chair), Goldman School of Public Policy,
University of California, Berkeley
SUZANNE BIANCHI, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland,
College Park
DAVID BLAU, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill
FRANCINE JACOBS, Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Development/
Department of Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning, Tufts
University
ROBIN JARRETT, Department of Human and Community
Development, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
DONNA KLEIN, Work-Life Programs Department, Marriott
International, Washington, DC
SANDERS KORENMAN, School of Public Affairs, Baruch College,
New York
JOAN LOMBARDI, The Children’s Project, Washington, DC
JOSEPH MAHONEY, Department of Psychology, Yale University
HARRIET PRESSER, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland,
College Park
GARY SANDEFUR, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin,
Madison
DEBORAH VANDELL, Department of Educational Psychology,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
JANE WALDFOGEL, School of Social Work, Columbia University
HIROKAZU YOSHIKAWA, Department of Psychology, New York
University
MARTHA ZASLOW, Child Trends, Washington, DC
JENNIFER A. GOOTMAN, Study Director
AMY GAWAD, Research Associate
ELIZABETH TOWNSEND, Senior Project Assistant (from July 2002)
MEREDITH MADDEN, Senior Project Assistant (until June 2002)
v
BOARD ON CHILDREN, YOUTH, AND FAMILIES
MICHAEL COHEN (Chair), Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore
Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
JAMES A. BANKS, Center for Multicultural Education, University of
Washington, Seattle
THOMAS DEWITT, Children’s Hospital Medical Center of Cincinnati
MARY JANE ENGLAND, Regis College, Weston, MA
BRENDA ESKENAZI, School of Public Health, University of California,
Berkeley
MINDY FULLILOVE, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia
University
PATRICIA GREENFIELD, Department of Psychology, University of
California, Los Angeles
RUTH T. GROSS, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School
of Medicine
NEAL HALFON, School of Public Health, University of California,
Los Angeles
MAXINE HAYES, Washington State Department of Health
MARGARET HEAGARTY, Department of Pediatrics, Harlem Hospital
Center, Columbia University
RENEE R. JENKINS, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health,
Howard University
HARRIET KITZMAN, School of Nursing, University of Rochester
SANDERS KORENMAN, School of Public Affairs, Baruch College,
New York
HON. CINDY LEDERMAN, Circuit Court, Juvenile Justice Center,
Miami, FL
ELENA O. NIGHTINGALE, Scholar-in-Residence, Institute of Medicine
GARY SANDEFUR, Departmnt of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-
Madison
RUTH STEIN, Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center
ELLEN WARTELLA, College of Communication, University of Texas at
Austin
ROBERT BLUM, (liaison from the Committee on Adolescent Health and
Development), Center for Adolescent Health, University of
Minnesota
CATHERINE DEANGELIS, (liaison from the Institute of Medicine),
American Medical Association
JANE L. ROSS, Acting Director (after November 2002)
SUSAN K. CUMMINS, Director (until November 2002)
LISA TAYLOR, Senior Project Assistant
vi
Acknowledgments
This report is a product of the Committee on Family and Work Poli-
cies, a project of the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of
Medicine (IOM). The 15-member committee met over an 18-month period
to review and evaluate the science of early child and adolescent develop-
ment and its application to policies and benefits that encourage, support, or
require parents to participate in the paid labor force. The funding for this
project was provided by the Foundation for Child Development, the Ford
Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and NRC internal
funds.
Beyond the expertise and hard work of the committee, we were fortu-
nate to have many leaders in the field enthusiastically participate in this
project. These individuals shared their knowledge and years of experience
as researchers, evaluators, practitioners, policy makers, and funders. We
are thankful for their time and their intellectual insights.
In October 2001 the committee convened a one-day Workshop on
Caring for Infants and Toddlers. Participants included leading social scien-
tists, researchers, economists, business leaders, policy makers, and funders:
Sanders Korenman, Baruch College; Ann Segal, David and Lucile Packard
Foundation; Suzanne Bianchi, University of Maryland, College Park;
Harriet Presser, University of Maryland, College Park; Jody Heymann,
Harvard University; Ross Thompson, University of Nebraska; Gina Adams,
The Urban Institute; Ann Collins, National Center for Children and Pov-
erty; Toni Porter, Bank Street College of Education; Jane Waldfogel, Co-
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
lumbia University; Donna Klein, Marriott International, Inc.; Ellen Bravo,
9to5; and Joan Lombardi, The Children’s Project.
In addition to these formal presentations, a number of individuals were
consulted in the development of this report, and we also wish to acknowl-
edge their support and assistance. They include: Greg Duncan, Northwest-
ern University; Jean Flor, University of Wisconsin; Dana Friedman, Bright
Horizons Family Solutions; Ellen Galinsky, Families and Work Institute;
Michael Grapkowski, New York University; Virginia Knox, Manpower
Demonstration Research Corporation; Andrew London, Syracuse Univer-
sity; Heather Lord, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Ann Meier, Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, Madison; Lana Nenide, Wisconsin Center for Education
Research; Connie Nickels, University of Wisconsin; Jacob Strand, Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, Madison; and Thomas Weisner, University of California,
Los Angeles.
The committee worked with a number of consultants who helped pre-
pare background material or data that was incorporated into this report:
Jay Bainbridge, Columbia University School of Public Health; Dan
Blanchette, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Wen-Jui Han, Co-
lumbia University; JoAnn Hsueh, New York University; Angela Odoms-
Young, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign; and Margery Leveen
Sher, Caliber Associates, Inc. and Fred & Sher.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for
their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with proce-
dures approved by the Report Review Committee of the NRC. The pur-
pose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments
that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as
possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for
objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review
comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity
of the deliberative process.
We thank the following individuals for their participation in the review
of this report: Gina Adams, The Urban Institute, Washington, DC; Eliza-
beth K. Briody, General Motors, Troy, Michigan; Laurie T. Charest, Hu-
man Resources, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Janet Currie,
Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles; Mark
Greenberg, Center for Law and Social Policy, Washington, DC; Aletha C.
Huston, Department of Human Ecology, University of Texas at Austin; R.
Duncan Luce, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine;
and Barbara (Bobbi) Wolfe, School of Public Affairs, University of Wiscon-
sin-Madison.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive
comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions
or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
release. The review of this report was overseen by Timothy M. Smeeding,
Center for Policy Research, University of Syracuse and Lyle V. Jones, L.L.
Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible
for making certain that an independent examination of this report was
carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review
comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of
this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
The committee wishes to recognize the important contributions and
support provided by several individuals connected to the NRC and the
IOM. We thank the members of the Board on Children, Youth, and Fami-
lies, under the leadership of Michael Cohen, and the Committee on Adoles-
cent Health and Development, under the leadership of Robert Blum. We
also thank Harvey Fineburg, IOM president; Susanne Stoiber, IOM execu-
tive officer; Michael Feuer, executive director of the NRC’s Division of
Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Jane Ross, director of the
Center for Economic and Social Sciences; and Susan Cummins, director of
the Board on Children, Youth, and Families, for their steadfast support of
the project and their critical review of drafts of the report. Also, we
appreciate the support of Michele Kipke, former director of the Board on
Children, Youth, and Families for helping develop this project.
We appreciate Eugenia Grohman, associate director for reports of
DBASSE, Christine McShane, editor, and Kirsten Sampson Snyder, reports
officer, who patiently worked with us through several revisions and who
provided superb editorial assistance. Vanee Vines of the National Acad-
emies’ Office of News and Public Information provided advice and assis-
tance with report dissemination.
Finally, it is important to acknowledge the contributions of the com-
mittee staff who worked on this report. Amy Gawad, research associate,
played an invaluable role in helping manage the committee process and
collecting, summarizing, and organizing background materials. Elizabeth
Townsend (from July 2002) and Meredith Madden (until June 2002), se-
nior project assistants, did a superb job of managing the numerous and
often complicated administrative and research responsibilities.
Eugene Smolensky, Chair
Jennifer A. Gootman, Study Director
Committee on Family and Work Policies