Table Of ContentMACMILLAN
MASTER
SERIES
Work Out
Biology
for First Examinations
The titles
in this
.
sertes
ForFirst Examinations
Biology
Chemistry
Computer Studies
English Language
Mathematics
Physics
Principles ofAccounts
Statistics
Forexaminations at Advanced Level
Applied Mathematics
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Pure Mathematics
Statistics
Forexaminationsat college level
Mathematics for Economists
Operational Research
MACMILLAN
MASTER
SERIES
for First Examinations
O.F.G. Kilgour
MACMILLAN
©0. F. G. Kilgour 1986
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission
of this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied
or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance
with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended).
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to
this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damages.
First published 1986
Reprinted (with corrections) 1986
Published by
MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
Typeset by TecSet Ltd, Wallington, Surrey
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Kilgour, 0. F. G.
Work out biology.-(Macmillan master series)
-(Macmillan work out series)
1. Biology-Examinations, questions, etc.
I. Title
574'.076 QH316
ISBN 978-0-333-37609-6 ISBN 978-1-349-18139-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-18139-1
Dedication:
To Mary and Dilys Kitty Brearley
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction xi
How to use this book xi
Revision xi
The Examination xii
1 Basic Bioscience 1
1.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 1
1.2 PracticalWork 7
1.3 ExaminationWork 10
1.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 16
2 Variety of Living Organisms 18
2.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 18
2.2 PracticalWork 33
2.3 Examination Work 34
2.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 42
3 Cells, Tissues, Organsand Organisation 43
3.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 43
3.2 PracticalWork 48
3.3 ExaminationWork 49
3.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 56
4 Plant Nutrition 57
4.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 57
4.2 PracticalWork 62
4.3 Examination Work 65
4.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 72
5 Animal Nutrition 73
5.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 73
5.2 PracticalWork 83
5.3 Examination Work 84
5.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 89
6 Transport 91
6.1 Theoretical Work Summary 91
6.2 Practical Work 98
6.3 Examination Work 102
6.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 109
7 Respiration 112
7.1 Theoretical Work Summary 112
7.2 Practical Work 121
7.3 Examination Work 124
7.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 132
8 Growth 134
8.1 Theoretical Work Summary 134
8.2 Practical Work 142
8.3 Examination Work 144
8.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 151
9 Homeostasis 153
9.1 Theoretical Work Summary 153
9.2 Practical Work 158
9.3 Examination Work 159
9.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 164
10 Irritability 166
10.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 166
10.2 Practical Work 173
10.3 Examination Work 173
10.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 179
11 Supportand Movement 182
11.1 Theoretical Work Summary 182
11.2 Practical Work 187
11.3 Examination Work 187
11.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 194
12 Reproduction 196
12.1 Theoretical Work Summary 196
12..2 Practical Work 206
12.3 Examination Work 207
12.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 216
13 Genetics and Evolution 218
13.1 Theoretical Work Summary 218
13.2 Practical Work 224
13.3 Examination Work 224
13.4Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 232
14 Organisms and the Environment 234
14.1 Theoretical Work Summary 234
14.2 Practical Work 239
14.3 Examination Work 241
14.4Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 251
Index 255
Acknowledgements
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have
been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the nec
essary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Throughout the preparation ofthisbookIhavebeengratefulfor the constructive
criticism and adviceofalong-established teacher ofbiology, Meinwen Parry, B.Sc.,
M.I.BioI., whose identification with the preparation of candidates for the com
bined CSE/GCE alternative biology syllabus of the Welsh Joint Education Com
mittee since its inception has made an invaluable contribution to the work.
I am also appreciative ofthe assistance and encouragement given by my editor,
Mary Hoddinott, B.~c.,M.I.Biol., ofMacmillan Education.
I express my sincere thanksto MrsV. C. Stirling for the professional and speedy
preparation ofthe typescript. The author and publisherswishto thankMrMalcolm
Fraser of Chelsea College Centre for Science Education for permission to use
Figs 1.5, 4.4, 14.6 and the photograph on page 37. The cover photograph, by
Stephen Dalton (NHPA), shows Apis mellifera (honey-bee) landing on apple
blossom.
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following examining boards for
permission to reproduce their past examination questions: Associated Examining
Board, University of London Entrance and School Examination Council, Oxford
Local Examinations, Southern Universities' Joint Board for SchoolExaminations,
Scottish Certificate of Education Examining Board, Secondary Education Auth
ority, Western Australia, and Northern Ireland General Certificate of Education
ExaminationsCouncil.
The University ofLondon Entrance and School Examinations Council accepts no responsibility
whatsoever for the accuracy or method in the answers given in this book to actualquestions set
by the London Board.
Acknowledgement is made to the Southern Universities' Joint Board for School Examina
tions for permission to use questions taken from their past papers but the Board is in no way
responsible for answers that may be provided and they are solely the responsibility of the
author.
The Associated Examining Board, the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Exarnina
tions, the Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council and the Scottish Examination Board
wish to point out that worked examples included in the text are entirely the responsibility of
the author and have neither been provided nor approved by the Board.
This book has been written to meet the needs ofstudents ofbiology preparing for
external examinations, and it will be a useful aid to revision, and to practical and
examination work throughout the course.
How to Use this Book
Each chapterispresented in the following way:
1.1 Theoretical work summary of the key information you should understand
and know.
1.2 A summary ofthepracticalworkyouwill be expected to have had experience
of.
1.3 Examination questions, which form the major part ofthe book, covering the
wide range of question types used in examining candidates at this level.The
questions are grouped into three main sections: objective, structured and
essays.
Suggested answers to the essays follow straight on from these questions, and
answers to the objective and structured questions are at the end ofeach chapter.
You should use this book during your course, when preparing answers for
homework, and when revising for examinations. Use the objective and structured
questions to test yourgrasp ofeach topic covered by a chapter.
Revision
All exammmg boards or associations issue a detailed syllabus and you should
obtain a copy of this. Read through the syllabus as you revise and make.sure you
understand each section properly. Do not study topics which are not included in
your examination syllabus.
Throughout your course you should aim to work methodically. Plan your final
revision in good time, work out a programme ofrevision and stick to it. Take each
major topic, such as respiration, in turn, and revise it thoroughly. To test your
grasp of each topic, attempt past examination papers under examination condi
tions; stick to the time allocated for each questions, and, of course, do not use
your notes to help you. In biology it is important to be able to draw and label
diagrams accurately and you will need to practise doing this as you revise.Try to
simplify the diagrams that you draw so that you can complete them quickly and
clearly.
The Examination
Written external examinations follow different patterns and use different types of
question. Obtain past question papers from the appropriate examining board to
find out the pattern and type ofquestion, the numberofquestionsto be answered,
and whether certain sections are composed ofcompulsory questions.
The following are the main types ofexternal examination questions:
Question type ________
~
Objective / \ --------------- Long answer
or multiple choice or essay
Structured Short
answer
(a) Objective or Multiple Choice Questions
This type of question is mainly of the kind that has four, or sometimes five,
answers or responses, one of which is correct. They require very careful reading
and thought, and certainly cannot be answered by guessing. Other kinds ofobjec
tive question can include completion questions, where the candidate supplies a
missing word, phrase or number.
(b) Structured Questions
These questions can be rather lengthy and may take a long time to read, but once
they are understood they are among the quickest and most direct questions to
answer in the examination paper. Structured questions can be based on experi
mental data, and you may need to draw a graph, or they may be based on dia
grams or written statements. The questions usually require short answers. The
length ofyour answer can be gauged roughly by the marks shown on the paper.
(c) Short-answer Questions
The length of the answer expected is shown in the answer book of the exami
nation paper as one, two Qr more lines. Sometimes they are completion-type
questions requiring the insertion of missing words or terms. Diagrams, photo
graphs or graphs may also be shown in the question, with labelled parts requiring
concise names or terms.
(d) Long-answer or Essay Questions
These are mainly unstructured questions, requiring the careful planning of an
answer by the candidate. Consequently, worked examples are given in this book
to assist the reader with a wide range of problems. Remember that in essay-type
answers there are many ways ofpresenting acceptable answers and candidates can
achieve the same overall mark by many different answers; only one version is
