Wood deterioration, protection, and maintenance

366 Pages·2016·15.665 MB·English

by  Reinprecht, Ladislav

Wood Deterioration,
Protection and
Maintenance
Wood Deterioration,
Protection and
Maintenance
Ladislav Reinprecht
FacultyofWoodSciencesandTechnology,
TechnicalUniversityofZvolen,Slovakia
Thiseditionfirstpublished2016
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Contents
Preface ix
AbouttheAuthor xi
1 WoodDurabilityandLifetimeofWoodenProducts 1
1.1 Basicinformationaboutwoodstructureanditsproperties 1
1.1.1 Woodstructure 3
1.1.2 Woodproperties 10
1.2 Typesandprinciplesofwooddegradation 12
1.3 Naturaldurabilityofwood 14
1.4 Methodsofwoodprotectionforimprovementitsdurability 17
1.5 Servicelifepredictionofwoodenproducts 18
1.5.1 Lifetimeofwoodenproducts 20
1.5.2 Servicelifepredictionofwoodenproductsbyfactor
method 21
1.5.3 Lifecycleassessmentofwoodenproducts 22
References 25
Standards 27
2 AbioticDegradationofWood 28
2.1 Wooddamagedbyweatherfactors 28
2.2 Wooddamagedthermallyandbyfire 34
2.2.1 Thermalwooddecomposition 34
2.2.2 Woodburning:fire 36
2.3 Wooddamagedbyaggressivechemicals 45
2.3.1 Corrosionofwoodbychemicalsunderaerobic
conditions 45
2.3.2 Corrosionofwoodbychemicalsunderanaerobic
conditions:woodfossilization 49
2.4 Propertiesofabioticallydamagedwood 50
2.4.1 Propertiesofweatheredwood 50
2.4.2 Impactofincreasedtemperatureandfireonwood
properties 52
2.4.3 Impactofwaterandotherchemicalsonwood
properties 53
References 57
Standards 61
3 BiologicalDegradationofWood 62
3.1 Wooddamagedbybacteria 62
vi Contents
3.2 Wooddamagedbyfungi 65
3.2.1 Reproduction,classificationandphysiologyof
wood-damagingfungi 66
3.2.2 Wood-decayingfungi 76
3.2.3 Wood-stainingfungiandmoulds 88
3.3 Wooddamagedbyinsects 91
3.3.1 Reproduction,classificationandphysiologyof
wood-damaginginsects 91
3.3.2 Wood-damaginginsects 97
3.4 Wooddamagedbymarineorganisms 106
3.4.1 Shipworms 106
3.4.2 Limnoria 107
3.5 Mechanismsofwoodbiodegradation 108
3.5.1 Biodegradationofcellulose 110
3.5.2 Biodegradationofhemicelluloses 113
3.5.3 Biodegradationoflignin 114
3.6 Propertiesofbiologicallydamagedwood 117
3.6.1 Propertiesofrottenwood 117
3.6.2 Propertiesofwoodhavinggalleries 118
References 120
4 StructuralProtectionofWood 126
4.1 Methodologyofstructuralprotectionofwood 126
4.2 Selectionofsuitablewoodmaterials 126
4.3 Designproposalsforpermanentlylowmoistureofwood 129
4.3.1 Estimatedmoistureofwood 129
4.3.2 Shapeoptimizationsforwoodmoisturereduction 131
4.3.3 Waterproofingandotherisolationsofwoodand
woodencompositesfromwatersources 137
4.3.4 Structuraldesigntopreventcondensedwater
generation 140
4.3.5 Regulationofclimaticconditionsininteriors 141
4.4 Firesectionsandotherfire-safetymeasures 142
References 143
Standards 144
5 ChemicalProtectionofWood 145
5.1 Methodology,ecologyandregulationofchemicalprotection
ofwood 145
5.1.1 Methodologyandlegislationofchemicalprotection
ofwood 146
5.1.2 Toxicologicalandecotoxicologicalstandpointsof
chemicalprotectionofwood 149
5.1.3 Regulationofchemicalprotectionofwood 151
5.2 Preservativesforwoodprotection 152
5.2.1 Bactericides 152
Contents vii
5.2.2 Fungicides:fordecay,sap-stainandmouldcontrol 153
5.2.3 Insecticides 163
5.2.4 Fireretardants 167
5.2.5 Protectivecoatingsagainstweatherimpacts 170
5.2.6 Evaluationofnewpreservatives 172
5.3 Technologiesofchemicalprotectionofwood 173
5.3.1 Improvementofpermeabilityandimpregnabilityof
wood 174
5.3.2 Applicationpropertiesofpreservatives 176
5.3.3 Flowanddiffusiontransportofpreservativesinwood 177
5.3.4 Fixationofpreservativesinwood 182
5.3.5 Non-autoclavetechnologiesofchemicalprotectionof
wood 182
5.3.6 Autoclavetechnologiesofchemicalprotectionof
wood 186
5.3.7 Nanotechnologiesandnano-compoundsforchemical
protectionofwood 191
5.3.8 Qualitycontrolofchemicallyprotectedwood 193
5.4 Chemicalprotectionofwoodencomposites 196
5.4.1 Woodencompositesandtheirsusceptibilityto
damage 196
5.4.2 Principlesandtechnologiesofchemicalprotectionof
woodencomposites 199
References 206
Standards 215
Directives 217
6 ModifyingProtectionofWood 218
6.1 Methodology,ecologyandeffectivenessofwood
modification 218
6.1.1 Methodsofwoodmodification:mechanical,physical,
chemicalandbiological 219
6.1.2 Ecologyofwoodmodification 221
6.1.3 Effectivenessofwoodmodification 221
6.2 Thermallymodifiedwood 223
6.2.1 Principles,methodsandtechnologyofthermalwood
modification 223
6.2.2 Durabilityandotherpropertiesofthermally
modifiedwood 226
6.2.3 Applicationsofthermallymodifiedwood 230
6.3 Chemicallymodifiedwood 231
6.3.1 Principles,methodsandtechnologyofchemical
woodmodification 231
6.3.2 Substancesintentionallyorrandomlyreactingwith
woodcomponents 233
viii Contents
6.3.3 Durabilityandotherpropertiesofchemically
modifiedwood 242
6.3.4 Applicationsofchemicallymodifiedwood 247
6.4 Biologicallymodifiedwood 247
6.4.1 Microorganismssuppressingtheactivityof
wood-damagingfungiandinsects 247
6.4.2 Geneengineeringforincreasingdurabilityofwood
anddecreasingtheactivityoffungalenzymes 249
References 250
Standards 259
7 MaintenanceofWoodandRestorationofDamagedWood 260
7.1 Aimsandenforcementofthemaintenanceandthe
restorationofdamagedwood 260
7.2 Woodmaintenance 260
7.2.1 Principlesofwoodmaintenanceinexteriorsand
interiors 260
7.2.2 Principlesofthefightagainsttheactivestagesof
woodpests 261
7.3 Diagnosisofdamagedwood 264
7.3.1 Sensorydiagnosticmethods 265
7.3.2 Instrumentaldiagnosticmethods 266
7.3.3 Diagnosingtheageofwood 278
7.4 Sterilizationofbiologicallydamagedwood 279
7.4.1 Physicalsterilizationofwood 280
7.4.2 Chemicalsterilizationofwood 286
7.5 Conservationofdamagedwood 289
7.5.1 Naturalandsyntheticagentsforwoodconservation 289
7.5.2 Methodsandtechnologiesfortheconservationof
air-drieddamagedwood 301
7.5.3 Methodsandtechnologiesfortheconservationof
waterloggedwood 306
7.6 Renovationofdamagedwood 308
7.6.1 Generalrequirementsfortherenovationofwooden
objects 309
7.6.2 Techniquesforstrengtheningofindividualwooden
elements 313
7.6.3 Techniquesforstrengtheningofwholewooden
structuralunits 324
References 327
Standards 337
Index 339
Preface
It is well known that wood has been used since ancient times as a structural
material for buildings, as the main or auxiliary material in agriculture and
laterinindustrialproducts,andasamaterialforfurnitureandvariousartistic
products.
Theservicelifeofwoodenproductsdependsfirstofallonthenaturaldura-
bilityofthewoodspeciesandwoodencompositesused,butalsoverysignif-
icantlyontheirdesign,theirmethodsofchemicalandmodifyingprotection,
theirexposureandtheirmaintenance.
Peopleareabletoprolongthelifetimeofwoodenproductsbasedonpracti-
calknowledgerelatedtowood-damagingagents(e.g.solarradiation,water,fire,
aggressivechemicals,wood-decayingfungi,moulds,wood-destroyinginsects
ormarineborers),andalsofromtheoreticalstudiesrelatedtothemechanisms
oftheiractiononwoodatthemolecular,anatomical,morphologicalandgeom-
etrylevels.
The structural protection of wooden products is based first of all on the
application of durable wood species and other high-quality materials. Simul-
taneously, the presence of wood-damaging agents has to be limited by using
suitable designs with the aim to reduce contact of wood with rain and other
sourcesofwater,toreducethecreationofwatercondensate,andtoreducethe
impact of ultraviolet (UV) light and fire. So, for this purpose, suitable atmo-
spheric,moisture-impermeable,UVandfire-retardantinsulationsareapplied.
Chemicalprotectionofwoodisperformedwithpreservatives;thatis,mainly
with fungicides, toxic and hormonal insecticides, fire retardants and UV-
protectivefinishesthatareappliedonthewood’ssurfaceandalsointoitsdepth.
Currently,forwoodpreservativesnotonlyistheirefficiencyimportant,butalso
theireffectsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment.Theoptimizationofwood
pretreatment(e.g.debarking,drying,improvingpermeability)anditschemical
preservationtechnology(e.g.timeofdipping,vacuum,and/orpressure)derive
fromthetheoreticalprinciplesofflowanddiffusionofpreservativesubstances
inthecapillarystructureofwood.Plywood,particleboardsandotherwooden
compositescanbechemicallytreatedduringtheirproductionorsubsequently.
The modifying protection of wood is a prospective mode for improving
itsresistanceagainstbiologicalagentsanddimensionalchanges.Usingactive
chemicalmodification,the OHgroupsofthelignin–saccharidewoodmatrix
reactwithmoleculesofasuitablechemical.Thisresultsinadecreaseinwood
hygroscopicity, and fungi, insects or marine borers then have less interest in
thistreatedwood(e.g.acetylatedwood).Thermallymodifiedwoodalsoleads
togoodresistancetoatmosphericfactorsandbiologicaldamage,mainlywhere
thereisnocontactwiththeground.
x Preface
Woodenproductshavetoberegularlymaintainedwiththeaimtoincrease
theirlifetime.However,whentheybecamedamaged,athoroughinspectionof
theiractualstateisimportant;thatis,thediagnosisofthecause,type,degree
and range of their damage. Biologically damaged wood should be sterilized.
Subsequently, for restoration of smaller wooden elements are used conserva-
tion methods, working with natural and synthetic substances. Load-bearing
elementsofwoodenhouses,roofs,ceilingsandotherconstructionscanberein-
forcedwithprostheses,splicing,specialbracingorothermethods.
Acknowledgements
ThewritingofthisbookwasinspiredbyMrGervaisSawyer,editoroftheInter-
national Wood Products Journal. At the same time I would like to thank the
professional members of the Wiley publishing house, personally to the pub-
lisherMrPaulSayerforfindingexternalexaminersandforhisimportantcom-
ments,toalltheanonymousreviewersforideasonimprovingsomesectionsof
thisbook,totheeditorialassistantMsViktoraVidaforpainstakingcollection
and control of individual chapters, to Mr Peter Lewis for careful copyediting
workandpreparingthemanuscriptfortypesetting,andtotheproductionedi-
torMsAudreyKohandtheprojectmanagerfromAptaraMsBaljinderKaurfor
creationoftheproofsandstylishpressqualityfiles.Finally,Iwouldliketothank
mydaughterMrsJuditaQuinˇonesforherhelpinthefirstgrammarcorrection
ofthisbook.
LadislavReinprecht
Zvolen,December2015
About the Author
LadislavReinprechtisaprofessorattheFacultyofWoodSciencesandTech-
nology,TechnicalUniversityinZvolen,Slovakia.HeobtainedanMScdegree
in organic chemistry, a postgraduate degree in mycology and a PhD degree
in wood technology. For students and specialists he has written many books
and monographs, both in Slovak (e.g. Wood Protection, ThermoWood, Silan-
Wood,ProcessesofWoodDeterioration,ReconstructionofDamagedWoodStruc-
tures,WoodenBuildings–Constructions,ProtectionandMaintenance,Wooden
CeilingsandTrusses–Types,Failures,InspectionsandReconstructions),andin
English(e.g.StrengthofDeterioratedWoodinRelationtoitsStructure,TCMTB
andOrganotinFungicidesforWoodPreservation).Hisprimaryresearchinterest
liesintheanalysisofabioticandbiologicaldefectsinwoodstructure–thecon-
ditionsfortheircreationandthemethodsoftheirdetection,inhibitionandpre-
vention.Hehaspublishedtheresultsofhisexperimentalworkinmanyarticles
inscientificjournalsandpresentedresultsatvariousinternationalanddomestic
conferences.