Women in world history VOL 1 Readings from Prehistory to 1500

270 Pages·1997·12.118 MB·English

by  Hughes, Brady;Hughes, Sarah S

WOMEN
IN WORLD
HISTORY
Volume 1
Readings from
Prehistory to 1500
Sources
and
studies
in World
History
Kevin Reilly, SeriesE ditor
THE ALCHEMY OF HAPPINESS
Abu Hamid Muhammada l-Ghazzali
translatedb y Claud Field, reviseda nd annotatedb y Elton L. Daniel
LIFELINES FROM OUR PAST
A New World History
L. S. Stavrianos
NATIVE AMERICANS BEFORE1 492
The MoundbuildingC enterso f the EasternW oodlands
Lynda NoreneS haffer
GERMS,S EEDS,A ND ANIMALS
Studiesi n EcologicalH istory
Alfred W. Crosby
BALKAN WORLDS
The First and Last Europe
Traian Stoianovich
AN ATLAS AND SURVEY OF
SOUTHA SIAN HISTORY
Karl J. Schmidt
THE GOGO:H ISTORY, CUSTOMS,A ND TRADITIONS
MathiasE . Mnyampala
Translated,i ntroduced,a nd editedb y Gregory H. Maddox
WOMEN IN WORLD HISTORY
Volume1 -Readingsfr om Prehistoryt o 1500
Volume2 -Readingsfr om 1500 to the Present
Sarah ShaverH ughesa nd Brady Hughes
Sources
and
WOMEN studies
in World
History
IN WORLD
HISTORY
Volume 1
Readings from
Prehistory to 1500
Sarah Shaver Hughes
Brady Hughes
Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON ADN NEW YORK
First published1 995 by M.E. Sharpe
Published2 015 by Routledge
2 ParkS quare,M ilton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
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Notices
No responsibilityi s assumedb y the publisherf or any injury and/ord amaget o
personso r property as a mattero f productsl iability, negligenceo r otherwise,
or from any useo f operationo f any methods,p roducts,i nstructionso r ideas
containedi n the materialh erein.
Practitionersa nd researcherms ust alwaysr ely on their own experiencea nd
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are usedo nly for identification and explanationw ithout intent to infringe.
Library of CongressC ataloging-in-PublicationD ata
Hughes,S arahS .
Women in world history I SarahS haverH ughcsa nd Brady Hughes.
v. cm. - (Sourcesa nd studiesi n world history)
Includesb ibliographicalr eferences.
Contents:v . I. Readingsf rom prehistoryt o 1500.
ISBN 1-56324-310-5. - ISBN 1-56324-311-3( pbk.)
I. Women-History. I. Hughes,B rady, 1933-
II. Title. III. Series.
HQI121.H93 1995
305.4'09-dc2 0 94-23644
CIP
ISBN 13: 9781563243110(P bk)
ISBN 13: 9781563243103(h bk)
CONTENTS
Foreword by Kevin Reilly xi
Preface xv
Introduction:G enderiogW orld History, Globalizing
Women'sH istory 1
Prehistory 2
The Value of Genderi n Historical Analysis 3
Differencesa mongW omen 5
Searchingf or Victors as Well as Victims 6
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 6
1. PrehistoricW omen:S hapingE volution, Sustenance,
andE conomy 9
1.1 Womeni n the "Gatherer-Hunter"P hase 11
AdrienneL . Zihlman, "Womeni n Evolution"
1.2 Who InventedF arming? 16
MargaretE hrenberg,W omeni n Prehistory
1.3 Women'sC arding,S pinning,a ndW eaving 20
E.J.W. Barber,P rehistoric Textiles
1.4 Cooking: Women'sW ork in the Division of Labor 22
JaneI . Guyer, "The Raw, the Cooked,a nd
the Half-Baked"
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 25
2. The Womeno f Ancient Egypt 27
2.1 Hatshepsut'sR eign, 1473-1458B .C.E. 28
InscriptionfromH atshepsut'sT emple
2.2 A Brother-SisterM arriage 31
The Story ofN aneferkaptaha ndA hwere
2.3 Women'sW ork 33
BarbaraS . Lesko, The RemarkableW omen
ofA ncientE gypt
2.4 Cleopatra,6 9-30B .C.E. 35
HansV olkmann, Cleopatra: A Studyi n
Politics and Propaganda
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 45
3. India: Women in Early Hindu and Buddhist Cultures 47
3.1 The Laws of Manu 49
The Laws ofM anu
3.2 The Carpenter'sW ife 51
A Folk Tale
3.3 Sita, the Ideal Hindu Wife 52
The Ramayana
3.4 Psalmso f the BuddhistN uns 56
Therigatha
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 61
4. Israel: Jewish Women in the Torah and the Diaspora 63
4.1 Eve'sP urposea nd Her Sin in Genesis 65
Genesis2 :7-9,16-8,21-5
Genesis3 :1-7, 9-13
Genesis3 : 16-7
4.2 Marriagea nd Childbirth amongE ve'sD escendants 67
Genesis2 9: 13-32
Genesis3 0: 1-6
Genesis3 8:6-26
4.3 The Rites of JewishW omen 71
Leviticus 15:16-30
4.4 Marriagei n the Diaspora:M edieval Egypt 73
S.D. Goitein, A MediterraneanS ociety
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 78
5. Greece: Patriarchal Dominance in ClassicalA thens 79
5.1 The Reign of Phallocracy 81
Eva C. Keuls, The Reigno ft he Phallus
5.2 The PerfectW ife at Home 82
Xenophon,O economicus
5.3 AthenianS lavery 88
Eva C. Keuls, The Reigno ft he Phallus
5.4 Neaera,a Courtesan 90
Court Recordso ft he Trial ofNeaera
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 96
6. China: Imperial Womeno f the Han Dynasty
(202 B.C.E.-220C .E.) 97
6.1 The Regencyo f EmpressL u 98
PanK u, The History oft he Former Han Dynasty
Correspondenceo fE mpressL u andM ao-tun
6.2 ChineseW omena s Pawns 105
From Tsai Yen, "EighteenV ersesS ungt o a
TatarR eedW histle"
6.3 Princessesa s PowerB rokers 108
JenniferH olmgren," Imperial Marriagei n the Native
Chinesea nd Non-HanS tate,H an to Ming"
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 111
7. Womeni n the Late RomanR epublic: Independence,
Divorce,·andS erialM arriages 113
7.1 Lettersf rom Cicero to His Wife, Terentia 114
Cicero: The Letterst o His Friends
7.2 The Proscriptiono f 43 B.C.E. 118
Appian'sR omanH istory
7.3 Hortensia'sS peech 120
Appian'sR omanH istory
7.4 The RomanF amily 122
SusanT reggiari, "Divorce RomanS tyle"
K.R. Bradley, "Remarriagea nd the Structure
of the Upper-ClassR omanF amily"
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 127
8. WesternE urope:C hristianW omeno n Manors,i n
Convents,a nd in Towns 129
8.1 Christianity'sD ual Vision of Women 130
The Passiono fS aint Perpetua
Galatians3 :26-8
Colossians3 : 18-22
1 Corinthians4 :33-5
1 Timothy 2:8-15
8.2 Conversiono f the Franks 133
SaintR adegund", The ThuringianW ar"
8.3 Nuns as PopularA uthors: Hildegardo f Bingen 137
PatriciaH . Labalme( ed.), BeyondT heir Sex
8.4 A Nun's Poetry 141
Hildegardo f Bingen, "Eve" and "The Virgin Mary"
8.5 Christined e Pisan,P rofessionaWl riter 142
PatriciaH . Labalme( ed.), BeyondT heir Sex
Christined e Pisan," Objectionst o The Romance
oft he Rose"
Christined e Pisan,H ow Ladies Who Live on Their
LandsS houldC onductT hemselves
8.6 ParisianW omen'sO ccupationsin 1292 and 1313 C.E. 146
David Herlihy, Opera Muliebria: Womena nd
Work in MedievalE urope
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 148
9. The Middle East: Islam, the Family, and the
Seclusiono f Women 151
9.1 The Quran 152
The Holy Quran,2 4:32
Nikki R. Keddie, "The Pasta nd Presento f
Womeni n the Muslim World"
9.2 Aisha, Muhammad'sB elovedW ife 156
NabiaA bbott, Aishaht he Belovedo fM ohammed
9.3 Muslim Womeni n Medieval Cairo 162
Huda Lutfi, "Mannersa nd Customso f
Fourteeth-CenturCy aireneW omen"
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 171
10. China and Japan: The Patriarchal Ideal 173
10.1 ConfucianM others 176
Liu Hsiang, The Biographieso fE minent
ChineseW omen
10.2 Footbindingi n China 180
SharonL . Sievers," Women in China, Japan,
and Korea"
10.3 Women in the JapaneseE mperor'sC ourt 182
Sei Shonagon,T he Pillow Book
Ono no Komachi, "Did He Comet o Me"
Izumi Shikibu, "This Nameo f Hers"
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 187
11. Africa: Traders, Slaves,S orcerers,a nd Queen Mothers 189
11.1 FemaleS laverya nd Women'sW ork 190
AI-Bakri, The Booko fR outesa nd Realms
Ibn Battuta,J ourney
11.2 Women'sF riendshipw ith Men 193
Ibn Battuta,J ourney
11.3 Sorcerersa nd Queens 195
D.T. Niane, Sundiata:A n Epic o/Old Mali
11.4 Queensa nd QueenM others 200
Ibn Battuta,J ourney
11.5 The Meaningo f Nudity 204
Ibn Battuta,J ourney
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 205
12. SoutheastA sia: The Most Fortunate Women in the World 207
12.1 GenderA utonomy 208
Anthony Reid, SoutheasAt sia in the Age
o/Commerce1, 450-1680
12.2 Marriage 212
Anthony Reid, SoutheasAt sia in the Age
o/Commerce,1 450-1680
Ho Xuan Huong, "Sharinga Husband"
12.3 Merchants,D iplomats,a nd Queens 217
Zhou Daguan,T he Customs0 / Cambodia
Anthony Reid, SoutheasAt sia in the Age
o/Commerce,1 450-1680
FernaoM endesP into, The Travels 0/
Mendes Pinto
12.4 WidespreadL iteracy 224
Anthony Reid, SoutheasAt sia in the Age
o/Commerce1, 450-1680
SuggestedF urtherR eadings 226
13. The Americas: Aztec, Inca, and Iroquois Women 227
13.1 Aztec Greetingst o NewbornB abies 228
Bernadinod e SahagunT, he Florentine Codex
13.2 Aztec Women'sC areersa nd Character 230
Bernadinod e Sahagun,T he Florentine Codex
13.3 The Aztec Ceremonyo f the Sweepingo f the Roads,
September1 -20 235
Inga Clendinnen,A ztecs:A n 1nterpretation
13.4 The Politics ofIroquois Cooperation 238
Nancy Bonvillain, "Iroquois Women"
13.5 Food and Power 241
Judith K. Brown, "Iroquois Women"