Women in stem disciplines : the yfactor 2016 global report on gender in science, technology, ... engineering and mathematics

260 Pages·2016·15.738 MB·English

by  Schmuck, Claudine

Claudine Schmuck
Women in
STEM Disciplines
Women in STEM Disciplines
Claudine Schmuck
Women in STEM Disciplines
The Yfactor 2016 Global Report on Gender
in Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics
ClaudineSchmuck
GlobalContact,Research&Consulting
Paris,France
ISBN978-3-319-41657-1 ISBN978-3-319-41658-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-41658-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016959768
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Tribute to my tribe
Dad’Yves, Lucas, and Ste´phane one in a
lifetime friend
Foreword
We are experiencing a tremendous transformation which involves all sectors and
disciplines. A transformation grounded in an unprecedented acceleration of inno-
vation. Experts even say that the next 50 years will involve more technological
breakthroughsthanthelast400allcombined!
Thesenewtechnologiesarediverse.Someenableustoaddresscustomers’need
for enhanced functionalities and performances; others are disrupting existing pat-
ternsandallowthedevelopmentofcheaper,smallerandmoreconvenientproducts
and services. Today our challenge is to be excellent in both and contribute effec-
tivelytonewdevelopmentsthatmakesenseforconsumersandsociety.Needlessto
saythatnoneofthisisachievablewithoutdiversity.Tobeagileratherthanfragile,
wemustrelyoncollectiveintelligence.Wehavetoinvolvemenandwomen,who
areallequallypartoftheequation.
Yet today, science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)-based
innovationscannotrelyonequalcontributionfrommenandwomen.Whatprevents
thisisthefactthatwomenstillremainaminorityinSTEMsectorsanddisciplines.
We have supported this survey on women in STEM since its very beginning
becauseweviewthisequalcontributionascrucialforthesuccessfuldevelopment
of innovations—innovations that succeed at delivering better values, thanks to
openness and creativity from gender diverse teams. Thus, more in-depth data and
analysis are needed. They are needed to assess precisely where the problem lies.
Theyareneededtomeasureandinspirefutureevolutions.
To this day, this survey remains the only one that provides insights on the two
keyreasonsforwhichwomenarestillunder-representedinSTEM:orientationand
employment.Itshowsthatthefirstissueisthatofstereotypedchoicesthatprevent
womenfromchoosingtostudySTEM.Itdemonstratesthatoverthepast10years,
the proportion of women among STEM graduates hasn’t made much progress,
gainingonlyfourpointstoreach34%recently.What’sevenmoreconcerningisthe
evolution of graduated women in IT and the fact that Western Europe and North
AmericanowhaveaproportionofIT-graduatedwomenwhichisbelowtheworld
average(20%versus30%)!Inothercountriesoftheworldwherewomenaremore
vii
viii Foreword
numerous to enter STEM studies, it’s the school-to-work transition that is not
favorable to women. In Middle East, Africa or Latin America, women have the
qualifications,buttheydonothaveequalaccesstothelabourmarket.
Theseresultscompelustocontinuetomoveforward;asafirststep,wesupport
the ACTWISE call for action which identifies five priorities, among which are
attractingmoregirlstoSTEM(science,technology,engineeringandmathematics)
studies,supportingeffectiveschool-to-worktransitionprogrammesandcontinuing
totrackresultsintheworld.
I hope this reading will stimulate your interest and motivation to enable more
womentostepupinSTEM.
Innovation,Marketingand MariNoe¨lleJe´go-Laveissie`re
TechnologiesVicePresident,Orange
Paris,France
Acknowledgements
Thissurveyhasbeendevelopedthankstotheconstantsupportfromtheremarkable
CSRteamofOrangegroup.CoremembersincludeLaurentDepond,RoxanneAdle
andAngelicaMirica.ParticularthankstoLaurentDepondforleadingtheteamand
enablingtoexpandthescopeofthesurveyatagloballevel.Wealsohadinvaluable
feedback from the team regarding the design of execution of the international
survey. This would never have been possible without the commitment of Mari-
Noe¨lle Je´go-Laveissie`re, Senior Executive Vice President in charge of IMT at
Orange, and the support of her team, in particular Aliette Mousnier Lompre´. All
my gratitude also goes to the Airbus Group, in particular Thierry Baril, Chief
Human Resources Officer for Airbus and EADS, and Jackie Chan in charge of
diversity.
My gratitude also goes to the Better Life index team from the OECD and the
SAGA team from UNESCO. Particular thanks to Christine Cle´ment, Lorena
Sanchez,MartinSchaaperandChiaoLingChien.
Ialsoexpressmystronggratitudetoourmediapartnerswhohavesupportedthis
survey for the second year with a strong and constant commitment; their support
hasindeedmadethedifferenceinprovidingmorevisibilitytotheonlinesurveyand
it’sresults.ParticularthanksgotoCatherineNayl,Ange´liqueTessierandNicolas
Lemaˆıtre from TF1; Catherine Mangin from RTL; Marie-Christine Saragosse,
Thomas Legrand-Hedel and Elsa Schifano from France Me´dias Monde; and
Ade`leBre´aupreviouslyfromTerrafemina.
I am also very grateful for the support team’s hard work: Sole`ne Van Laak,
OliviaLatouche,EmilyBechetandJulesBonnaud.ParticularthankstoSole`neVan
Laak for the remarkable quality and reliability of her work. I also express my
gratitude to the technical team which has enabled to develop the application and
exploittheinternationaldatabases,particularlyYannBouteillerThomasFesq,and
Jean-MarieHenrywhohavebeenveryhelpfulontheprojectmanagement.Thanks
to Mickael Garcia and Ludovic Guillet for the design of the application. External
consultantsandpartnershavealsobeenveryhelpfulinthedesignandexecutionof
theworldwidesurvey,including,inparticular,EmmaBluckandFranc¸oisFatoux.
ix
x Acknowledgements
Particular thanks to Emma for her insights and advices in designing the 2015
survey. There has been also great support from the team managing the social
networks;allmythanksgotoMarineDeffrennesforherconstantsupport.
Special acknowledgement goes to a variety of organizations for their help in
survey distribution: Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Costa Rica, Academia
Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, AFMD,
Arborus,AsociaciondeMujeresInvetigadorasyTecno´logas(AMIT),Association
des Femmes Diploˆme´es d’Expertise Comptable Administrateurs, Association des
Femmes Huissiers de Justice, Baseera—the Egyptian center for public opinion
research, BeWise, Bouygues Construction–Welink, Business Professional
Women, Cap Gemini, Charta der Vielfat, Connecting Women, Dauphine au
Feminin,DirigeantesActives77,DuchessFrance,EMLyonForever,Entreprendre
auFe´mininenBretagne,Eskills,ETPauFe´minin,EuropeanCenterforWomenin
Technology, European Network for Women in Leadership, Female Engineer
Leader, Femmes Chefs d’Entreprise FCB-VVB, Femmes Chefs d’Entreprises en
France,FuturesStudiesForumforAfricaandtheMiddleEast,GenderandSTEM
Network, Happy Men, IAI Cameroun, IET - the Institution of Engineering and
Technology, IMS-Entreprendre pour la Cite´, Innovation Women, Jamais Sans
Elles, JUMP, Komm Mach Mint, Kompetenzzentrum, La Fonderie, Lady of
Code, Lady that UX, Les Premie`res, Luma Center Finland, Make Possible,
Medef, National STEM Learning Center and Network, Next Einstein Forum,
OCDE, Organizacion Boliviana de Mujeres en Ciencia, ORSE, Pascaline,
Programaria, She Works!, Social Builder, Steminist, Supelec au Fe´minin, SWE -
Society of Women Engineer, Synergie de l’EPITA, Syntec Inge´nierie, Syntec
Nume´rique, Universite´ des Femmes de Bruxelles, VTHO, Wave, Wax Science,
Wehub,WES-WomenEngineeringSociety,WITSET,WITI,WITWA,Womenin
Technology Japan, Women in Technology and Science, Women Shift Digital,
WoMen’Up, Women who code, Womenteck, World Futures Studies Federation
andZeˆlesoˆFe´minin.
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PartI Change-Abled?WomenStudyingSTEM
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 GlobalTrendsinEducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 TheGenderDivideIsSlowlyDecreasingAmongSTEM
Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 CatchingUp:MiddleEastandNorthAfrica,South-WestAsia,
Sub-SaharanAfrica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 16
2.3 Sustaining:EastAsiaandCentralandEasternEurope. . . . . . . 19
2.4 Decreasing:NorthAmericaandWesternEurope,LatinAmerica
andCentralAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 CatchingUp:MiddleEastNorthAfrica,Sub-SaharanAfricaand
South-WestAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1 MiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MENA):AgainstAllOdds. . . . 25
3.1.1 OverallTrendAnalysis2003–2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.2 Engineering,ManufacturingandConstruction(EMC)
Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.3 ScienceAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.4 AgricultureAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.5 HealthandWelfareAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.6 InsightsfromPISAResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.7 InsightsfromYfactorSurvey2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 SouthandWestAsia:LessIsMore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.1 OverallAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.2 Engineering,ManufacturingandConstruction(EMC)
Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
xi