Women in ichthyology: an anthology in honour of ET, Ro and Genie

456 Pages·1994·0.7 MB·English

by  Eugene K. Balon

Women in ichthyology: an anthology in honour of ET, Ro and Genie
Developments in environmental biology of fishes 15
Series Editor
EUGENE K. BALON
Women in ichthyology: an anthology in
honour of ET, Ro and Genie
Editors:
EUGENE K. BALON, MICHAEL N. BRUTON &
DAVID L.G. NOAKES
Repnnted from Envlronmental blOlogy offtshes 41 (1--4),1994
wlth addltlon of specles and subJect mdex
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publieation Data
I~omen 1n lchthyology an anthology 1n honour of ET, Ro, and Genle /
ed1tors, Eugene K. Balon, Mlchael N. Bruton & Dav1d L,G. Noakes.
p. cm. -- (Developments 1n env1ronmental b1010gy of flshes
15>
"Reprlnted from Envlronmental b1010gy of f1shes 41 (1-4>, 1994,
w1th add1t10n of speCles and subject 1ndex."
Includes blb110graphlcal references.
ISBN 978·94-010-4090-7 ISBN 978-94-011-0199-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0199-8
1. F1shes. 2. F1shes--Reproduct10n. 3. FISh populat10ns.
4. Ichthyolog1sts--B10graphy. 5. Women Ichthyologlsts--B1ography.
6. Trewavas, Ethelwynn. 7. Lowe-McConnell, R. H. 8. Clark,
EugenIe. I. Trewavas, Ethelwynn. II. Lowe-McCannell, R. H.
III. Clark, Eugen1e. IV. Balon, Eugene K. V. Bruton, M. N.
(M1chael N.> VI. Noakes, DavId L. G. VII. Ser1es.
QL615.W62 1994
597--dc20 94-31170
ISBN 978-94-010-4090-7
Cover and logo design by Christine Flegler-Balon and Eugene Balon
Tails of the sexually dimorphie swordtail, Xiphophorus - with emphasis on the female tail - have been seleeted to
symbolize the topie of this volume. In the logo the Taoist yin and yang represent the inseparable and harmonious dualism
in which one cannot exist without the other. For more details see Balon, E.K.1989. The Tao oflife: from the dynamic unity
ofpolar opposites to self-organization. pp. 7-40. In: M.N. Bruton (ed.) Alternative Life-History Styles ofA nimals, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
AII Rights Reserved
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1994
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced Of
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechnical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
(on acid-free paper)
Contents
Prelude to the anthology in honour of women ichthyologists,
by E.K Balon, M.N. Bruton & D.L.G. Noakes ........................................ 7
Early women ichthyologists, by P.S. Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The life and work of Ethelwynn Trewavas: heyond the focus on tilapiine cichlids, by D.L.G. Noakes. 33
Lifetime list of publications by Ethelwynn Trewavas, by D.L.G. Noakes ...................... ,. . 51
The generic and infrageneric taxa described by Ethelwynn Trewavas, by P.R. Greenwood. . . . . . . . . . 55
An interview with Ethelwynn Trewavas, by D.L.G. Noakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
The life and work of Rosemary Lowe-McConnell: pioneer in tropical fish ecology, by M.N. Bruton. . 67
Lifetime list of publications by Rosemary Lowe-McConnell, by M.N. Bruton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
An interview with Rosemary Lowe-McConnell, by M.N. Bruton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
The life and work of Eugenie Clark: devoted to diving and science, by E.K Balon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Lifetime list of publications by Eugenie Clark, by E.K Balon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
An interview with Eugenie Clark, by E.K Balon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 121
Full papers
A review of hybridization in marine angelfishes (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae),
by RL. Pyle & J.E. Randall. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. 127
Geographical variation of some taxonomically important characters in fishes: the case of the
bitterling Rhodeus sericeus, by J. Holcik & L. Jedlicka .................................. 147
Structure and resilience of a tidepool fish assemblage at Barbados, by R Mahon & S.D. Mahon .... 171
Age, growth, and sex ratio among populations of least brook lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera, larvae:
an argument for environmental sex determination, by M.P. Docker & P.W.H. Beamish ...... 191
Fish imagery in art 68: Brown's Eve with Fish and Snake, by M.A. Moyle ........................ 206
Reproduction in the North Atlantic oceanic ichthyofauna and the relationship between fecundity
and species' sizes, by N.R Merrett ................................................... 207
Fish imagery in art 69: Japanese Netsuke Coiled fish, by P.E. Moyle & M.A. Moyle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 246
The comparative reproductive styles of two closely related African minnows (Pseudobarbus afer and
P. asper) inhabiting two different sections of the Gamtoos River system, by J.A. Cambray ... 247
Reproduction in an aggregating grouper, the red hind, Epinephelus guttatus,
by Y. Sadovy, A. Rosario & A. Roman ............................................... 269
Reproductive biology and systematics of phallostethid fishes as revealed by gonad structure,
by H.J. Grier & L.R Parenti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 287
Does gonad structure reflect sexual pattern in all gobiid fishes?
by KS. Cole, D.R Robertson & A.A. Cedeno ......................................... 301
The early ontogeny of the southern mouth brooder, Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Pisces, Cichlidae),
by KK Holden & M.N. Bruton ..................................................... 311
Fish imagery in art 70: Polynesian Maori carving of the Maui myth, by R.M. McDowall. . . .. . . . . .. .. 330
Alternative life histories of the genus Lucania: 2. Early ontogeny of L. goodei, the bluefin killifish,
by S.S. Crawford & E.K Balon. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... .. 331
Alternative life histories of the genus Lucania: 3. An ecomorphological explanation of altricial (L.
parva) and precocial (L. goodei) species, by S.S. Crawford & E.K. Balon .................. 369
Intraspecific variation in sand-diving and predator avoidance behavior of green razorfish, Xyrichtys
splendens (Pisces, Labridae): effect on courtship and mating success, by S.c. Nemtzov . . .. . .. 403
Social system of an inshore stock of the red hind grouper, Epinephelus guttatus (Pisces: Serranidae),
by D.Y. Shapiro, G. Garcia-Moliner & Y. Sadovy ...................................... 415
Quantitative analysis of published data on the growth, metabolism, food consumption, and related
features of the red-bellied piranha, Serrasalmus nattereri (Characidae), by D. Pauly ......... 423
Fish imagery in art 71: Holland-Scholer's The Story Joan Told, by M.A. Moyle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 438
Book critique
An overview of water pollution and fishes, by J.B. Sprague 439
Species index ........................................................................... 443
Subject index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 449
Environmental BIOlogy of Fishes 41 7-8.1994
© 1994 Kluwer Academic Publtshers
Prelude to the anthology in honour of women ichthyologists
This woman of mixed cultures has not felt that either her sex or racial background has been a problem m
her career
Diane Emberlin1
about Eugeme Clark
This volume is a collection of papers solicited to honour women in ichthyology. We chose three to represent all
the other women ichthyologists and to receive the honours on their behalf, not unlike the explanation some
times given about Nobel prize recipients. We ignored any ranking and contemplations about who deserves it
most - our selection is entirely personal. We chose Ethelwynn Trewavas, Rosemary Lowe-McConnell and
Eugenie Clark because we know them best, personally as well as professionally. Each of us, if only by virtue of
age differences, knew each of them differently and this reflects itself in the biographical accounts which could
not be standardized. After all, these three ichthyologists have had widely varying careers and different tem
peraments. It took us so long to put this volume together that Ethelwynn did not live to see it published
(Noakes2), but she knew about it and contributed to its preparation.
The idea for this volume was hatched in 1989 while the three of us were travelling in Eugene's car from
Guelph to Peter Stevens' cottage near Dorset in the lake district of northern Ontario, Canada. It was a natural
history outing as the two Canadians were planning to show the visiting South African the Precambrian Shield.
We also intended to resolve a clash of interests with Peter regarding coelacanth conservation between the
Explorer's Club in New York and the Coelacanth Conservation Council (Balon et al} Musick et al.,4 Hamlin5).
Inevitably, we chatted about the journal Environmental Bwlogy of Fishes, and the subject of a dedicated
volume on the contribution of women ichthyologists was raised. Could we do thIS without gender bias or
condescension? Would the women whom we sought to honour be embarrassed by our efforts? We decided
that it was worth the risk. It was also apparent that, in some ways, women often make better ichthyologists
than men - they have the patience to devote decades of their lives to detailed taxonomic studies, the friendly
personalities to secure the cooperation of rural fishers in developing countries during their field work, and the
resilient physiology to make expert divers, among many other attributes. We were also aware that some may
interpret certain issues from a single angle only (see Kass-Simon & Farnes6). For example, III reference to the
citation of scientific papers, female and male scientists and their accomplIshments are most often given credit
or ignored for reasons of simple irritation with a novel concept or for conscious politics of clique association,
and sex discrimination may be not the primary reason.
We were more than aware of inequities which still exist, like the one Eugenie Clark so nicely pointed out in
her interview (p. 122): 'We had to work extra hard, especially on field trips, to prove we could keep up with
males; except with Carl Hubbs, who was married to Laura, and took it for granted that females could carry the
1 EmberlIn, D 1977 Contnbutlon of women sCience Dillon Press, MmeapolIs 160 pp
2 Noakes, D L G 1993 Ethelwynn Trewavas - a charmed hfe Env BIOI Fish 38 295-298
] Balon, E K , M N Bruton & H Fncke 1988 A fiftieth anmversary reflectIOn on the hvmg coelacanth, Lallmena chalumnae somc new
mterpretatlOns of Its natural history and conservation status Env BIOI Fish 23 241-280
4 Muslck,J A ,M N Bruton & E K Balon (ed) 1991 The bIOlogy of Latlmenachalumnaeand evolutIOn ofcoelacanths Developmentsm
Envlronmcntal BIOlogy of Fishes 12, Kluwer AcademiC Publishers, Dordrecht 446 pp
5 HamlIn,J F 1992 Can coelacanths be caught on demand? (With a bnefhlstory of the Explorers Club coelacanth project) Env BIOI Fish
33 419-425
6 Kass-Slmon, G & P Farnes (ed) 1993 Women of sCience Rlghtmg the record Indiana Umverslty Press, Bloommgton 398 pp
8
same loads as males and do the cooking and dishwashing as well.' By virtue of differences in physiology and
reproductive biology we approve of deserved compensations for women. We were relieved that our women
colleagues agreed with us when asked about this and even added that they occasionally felt embarrassed by
the advantages and recognition they received because of being females.
In this volume we are frequently using the nicknames which have become so familiar to us and many others:
ET for Ethelwynn Trewavas, Ro for Rosemary Lowe-McConnell, and Genie for Eugenie Clark. The se
quence in which their 'life and work' will be presented is according to age. ET, as the oldest (93) will be first, Ro
second and Genie, by one year the youngest (72), the third. We feel that by researching and writing the
biographical accounts of our female ichthyology colleagues we got to know them better and we consider
ourselves even more privileged than before to be among their friends.
It is difficult to write about friends. It is almost impossible to write extensively about their personal and
professional accomplishments without a feeling of embarrassment and self consciousness. We are simply too
close to them to judge the extent of their accomplishments in many cases. We tend to take our friends and
colleagues for granted - they are always there and we assume that everyone knows them and their work as well
as we do. Most of us are also reluctant to praise our colleagues and elevate them for special consideration. All
our training is to place our science first, and to treat each others as equals.
We knew from the outset that when we decided to proceed with this dedicated issue we would have to deal
with the questions of historical inequities and current controversies. Now that the volume is completed we
have discovered that these three ichthyologists were and are individuals with differences in experiences and
aspirations which they have confronted in their own ways. ET, Ro and Genie are remarkable and worthy of
this volume no matter whether they are women or men. There is nothing obvious that ties them in their
experiences or their accomplishments together because they were women.
Nonetheless, the wonderful survey article by Pat Brown in this volume shows that there is a large part of our
history that is not well known to most, and certainly not to most of our current students. The effort and
contributions of women ichthyologists have often differed from those of men, and they have often been
acknowledged differently. It is clear that the time is ripe for a comprehensive review and synthesis of the
history of ichthyology and ichthyologists, women and men. We already have models in books on women in
science (e.g. Kass-Simon & Farnes6). Our efforts here have concentrated largely on North America and west
ern Europe, yet we know there is a history of accomplishments and contributions by colleagues in Asia,
eastern Europe, South America, Africa and elsewhere. We started this dedicated issue to acknowledge the
contributions of a few respected ichthyologists known to us personally. We think we have accomplished that
somewhat limited objective. We hope the broader issues we have only touched upon will motivate others to
accept the challenge and bring forth the more comprehensive historical and conceptual treatment of our
subject. There must be a wealth of material in archives, personal letters and unpublished manuscripts and the
stories and insights we can gain from this will be immeasurable.
The three women we have chosen as the focus of this dedicated issue have influenced each of us in a number
of ways, directly and indirectly. It happens that they were all senior colleagues to us and so their published
papers influenced us in the usual scientific ways. But each of them also influenced us by direct personal
contacts, encouragements, positive suggestions and a myriad of other ways. We hope that shows in the brief
biographies and personal interviews we have for each of them in this volume.
Guelph, 7 March 1994 Eugene K. Balon
Michael N. Bruton
David L.G. Noakes
Environmental Biology of Fishes 41: 9-30, 1994.
© 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Early women ichthyologists
Patricia Stocking Brown
Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, NY 12211, U.S.A.
Key words: Marion Griswold Grey, Francesca Raymond LaMonte, Erna Mohr, Canna Maria Louise Popta,
Margaret Hamilton Storey, Grace Evelyn Pickford, Cornelia Maria Clapp, Edith Grace White, Helen Irene
Battle, Emmeline Moore, Frances Naomi Clark, Rosa Smith Eigenmann, Lucy Wright Smith Clemens, Laura
Clark Hubbs, Frances Vorhees Hubbs Miller, Marie Poland Fish
This paper is a brief summary of some of the women portunities to do basic research using the museum
who have worked in the field of ichthyology or stud collections.
ied the biology of fishes in a somewhat broader ar Although research universities were seldom will
ea. All of the women included were born prior to ing to offer women academic positions (and thus
1920. It does not include Ethelwynn Trewavas since provide women with 'a lab of their own'), women
her life and work are covered in a detailed article by could work on a volunteer basis in museums, do
David Noakes. The list of women covered here is professional quality research, and eventually be
not meant to be complete, especially with respect to given a title and be allowed partial or full participa
eastern Europe or Asia, and I welcome suggestions tion in their discipline. Perhaps the most famous of
of additional women along with biographical infor these women zoologists who had a title but no pay
mation about them for future work. ing position was the invertebrate zoologist, Libbie
For purposes of a broader discussion, I have Hyman, who spent many years as a Research Asso
placed these women into the following categories: ciate at the American Museum of Natural History.
those who worked in (1) museums of natural histo Hyman supported herself during this time from
ry, (2) higher education, (3) government, and (4) what eventually became the very minimal royalties
women who worked primarily with their husbands earned from her comparative anatomy text. This
who were also zoologists or ichthyologists. kind of volunteer but self-directed work would
seem to require a field with minimal requirements
for expensive research equipment. Thus, work in
L Museum work anatomy and taxonomy on existing museum collec
tions could provide special opportunities for those
Museums of natural history have offered special who commanded few resources. A striking feature
opportunities for a number of early women biolo of the women described here was their willingness
gists. Since much of the initial occupation of biol to put their own work aside and help their male col
ogists was with collecting and classifying organisms, leagues. Both Grey and LaMonte had skill with lan
museums often functioned as research centers for guages which both gave them access to the scientific
the discipline. As museums expanded their collec literature of other languages and made them partic
tions in the late 1800's and early 1900's, many em ularly valued colleagues.
ployed women assistants to cope with the growth of Additional women who worked in museums in
the collections. As museums began to be open to clude Lillian Dempster (1905-1992) who worked at
the public, women would often be employed to de the California Academy of Sciences, Myvanwy M.
velop the necessary exhibits. Once in such posi Dick (1910--1993) who worked at Harvard Universi
tions, these women might then have additional op- ty's Museum of Comparative Zoology, and Marga-
10
ret Mary Smith (1916-1987), the first director of the rated as a national museum) and professor at
J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology (later incorpo- Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa.
Marion Griswold Grey (1911-1964)1
1911 Born in Los Angeles, youngest of 3
children of James and Lucy Griswold
1929-1931 Attended Wellesley as member of
class of 1933
1933 Married Arthur L. Grey, 14
September, and moved to Chicago
1935-1939 Three children born - Peter (b. 1935),
Lucy (b. 1937) and Sarah (b. 1939)
1941 Began to work at Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, as
volunteer
1943-1946 In charge of Division of Fishes
(unpaid) to Loren Woods' absence
during World War II
1943-1964 Associate, Division of Fishes,
Department of Zoology, Field
Fig. 1. Marion Griswold Grey. Photograph courtesy of the Field
Museum Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
Marion Griswold was born in Los Angeles and seum and much of her free time at home, hunched
moved with her family to Kenosha, Wisconsin when over a desk inspecting specimens or reading or writ
she was nine. She was her father's favorite child and ing about fish'.
he was a powerful moral influence in her life. From Although she was informally educated by a num
the age of twelve, she wanted to be a writer. Ma ber of colleagues at the museum (Alfred Week, Lo
rion's formal education consisted of two years of ren Woods), her main inspiration came from Karl
study in Zoology at Wellesley College. She with Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology. Only two years
drew from Wellesley because, as she later told her after she began her work there, Loren Woods left to
children, many of her friends had had to leave serve in the Navy and Karl Schmidt asked Marion
school when their fathers went bankrupt during the to take charge, with the title 'Head of the Fish Divi
Depression, and Marion felt guilty about remain sian'. It is said that she was paid $ 2.50 per month to
ing. Her connection with the Field Museum began cover her transportation to work.
when she collected a pipefish on the Maryland Her research started with the preparation of a
shore and brought it to Alfred Weed at the museum Catalogue of Type Specimens ofF ishes in the Chica
to identify. He encouraged her to work at the mu go Natural History Museum which was published in
seum as a volunteer. According to her daughter, 1947. In the summer of 1948 she was a member of
'for the rest of her life, with her husband's grudging the museum's expedition to Bermuda. According
permission, she spent every Wednesday at the Mu- to her daughter, this was probably the high point in
1 Information supplied by letters to P.S. Brown from Margaret Bradbury (25 January 1987); from Marion's daughter, Sarah Grey Thoma
son, Professor of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh (1 March 1987; 13 April 1987); and from Myvanwy Dick (1987); a letter to Margaret
M. Stewart from John Clay Bruner, 24 June 1986 and an obituary by Rand, A.L.1964 in The Bulletin, Chicago Natural History Museum.
p.1,8.