Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia

662 Pages·2002·4.4 MB·English

by  Ana M. Martinez Aleman

WOMEN IN
HIGHER EDUCATION
Advisory Board
Karen D. Arnold
Boston College
Boston, Massachusetts
Helen S. Astin
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
Estela M. Bensimón
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Mildred Garcia
Berkeley College
New York, New York
Judith Glazer-Raymo
Long Island University
Long Island, New York
Kathryn M. Moore
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
Daryl Smith
Claremont Graduate School
Claremont, California
M. Elizabeth Tidball
George Washington University Medical Center
Washington, D.C.
WOMEN IN
HIGHER EDUCATION
An Encyclopedia
Ana M. Martínez Alemán
and Kristen A. Renn, Editors
Santa Barbara, California
Denver, Colorado
Oxford, England
Copyright © 2002 by Ana M. Martínez Alemán and Kristen A. Renn, Edi-
tors
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for
the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in
writing from the publishers.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Women in higher education : an encyclopedia / Ana M. Martínez Alemán
and Kristen A. Renn, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-57607-614-8 (alk. paper)
1. Women in higher education—United States—Encyclopedia. I.
Martínez Alemán, Ana M. II. Renn, Kristen A.
LC1569 .W66 2002
78.1'982'03—dc21
2002011570
07 06 05 04 03 02 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cloth)
ABC-CLIO, Inc.
130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911
Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911
This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit
www.abc-clio.com for details.
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
Contents
List of Contributors, ix
Foreword,M. Elizabeth Tidball, xv
Introduction, xix
Part 1 Historical and Cultural Contexts 1
Overview, Jana Nidiffer, 3
Black Women’s Colleges, Tiffany Gayle Chenault, 15
Catholic Women’s Colleges, Tracy Schier, 17
Coeducation, Laura Marie Micheletti, 21
Community Colleges, Kim VanDerLinden, 26
Hispanic-Serving Institutions, Elizabeth María Béjar, 30
Historical Documents, Verity Smith, 32
Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Elizabeth María Béjar,40
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues on Campuses,
Ronni L. Sanlo and Steven J. Leider, 44
Military Colleges, Stacy A. Jacob, 48
Southern Baptist Colleges, T. Laine Scales, 52
Tribal Colleges, AnnMarie Rousey, 57
Women’s Colleges, Lisa E. Wolf-Wendel, 61
Part 2 Gender Theory and the Academy 69
Overview, Eleanor MacDonald, 71
Demographics of Gender and Race, Shaireen Rasheed and
Shilpi Sinha, 77
Feminist Assessment, Katya Salkever, 85
Intersection of Gender and Race, Susan L. Schramm, 88
Psychology of Sex Differences, Laura M. Sinnett, 93
Sexual Harassment, Jeanette Reichmuth, 102
Part 3 Feminism in the Academy 107
Overview, Rebecca Ropers-Huilman, 109
Black Feminism and Womanism, Evangeline Wheeler, 118
Feminist Epistemology, Lynn Safarik, 120
Feminist Ethics, Kalina M. Brabeck and Mary M. Brabeck, 126
v
vi Contents
Feminist Pedagogy, Frances A. Maher, with Mary Kay Tetreault, 130
Feminist Research Methodology, Christine L. Jocoy, 135
Part 4 Women in the Curriculum 141
Overview, Ann K. Schonberger, 143
Academic Caucuses and Committees, Janni L. Aragon, 155
Distance Education, LuAnn Hiniker, 158
Ecofeminism, Tess Pierce, 163
Family and Consumer Sciences, Virginia B. Vincenti, 166
Gender and Technology, Katy Campbell, 170
Internet-based Distance Education, Laurel Jeris, 174
Medical Education, Kay Beaver, 179
Physical Education, Thalia M. Mulvihill, 184
Teacher Education, Felecia M. Briscoe and Linda C. Pacifici, 188
Transformation of the Curriculum, Kerry Brian Melear, 192
Women’s Studies, Francesca B. Purcell, 198
Part 5 Women and Higher Education Policy 203
Overview, Vivyan C. Adair, 205
Affirmative Action and Employment, Patricia Somers, 211
Class, Luisa S. Deprez and Sandra S. Butler, 214
Gender Inequality, Judith Glazer-Raymo, 221
Legal Issues, Benjamin Baez, 228
Students’ Rights, John Wesley Lowery, 234
Title IX, Patricia Somers, 237
Women with Disabilities, Susan M. Pliner, 244
Part 6 Women Students 247
Overview, Florence Guido-DiBrito, 249
Activism, Anita Tijerina Revilla, 262
African American Students, Rochelle L. Woods, 265
American Indian Students, Roger Geertz González, 269
Asian American Students, Roberta Malee Bassett, 272
Biracial and Biethnic Students, Samantha J. Ortiz, 276
Black Sororities, Tiffany Gayle Chenault, 279
Classroom Climate, Elizabeth J. Allan, 282
Community College Students, Jean V. Kartje, 287
Counseling Issues and Services, Debra J. Blanke, 290
Curricular and Professional Choices, Courtney A. Little, 292
Development of Multiple Social and Cultural Identities,
Dafina Lazarus Stewart, 294
Developmental Issues, Karen D. Arnold, 297
Extracurricular Issues, Emily Langdon, 302
Contents vii
Graduate and Professional Education, Patricia Helland, 306
Graduate Students, Pamela Merchant Christian, 309
Graduate Students and Science, Carol L. Hodes, 312
Growth of Women’s Athletics, Shawn Ladda, 315
Jewish Students, Diana B. Turk, 321
Latina Students, Tara J. Yosso, 325
Learning and Knowing, Marcia B. Baxter Magolda, 330
Nontraditional Students, Estelle Miller, 336
Persistence, Linda Serra Hagedorn, Faith I. Womack, Christina Vogt,
Shelly Westebbe, and Jeffrey Kealing, 339
Romantic Relationships, Shannon K. Gilmartin and Linda J. Sax, 343
Service Learning and Community Service, Ellen M. Broido, 347
Sexual Assault, Lee Scherer Hawthorne, 350
Sexuality, Sarah M. Tillery, 352
Socioeconomic Status, MaryBeth Walpole, 355
Sororities, Amy E. Wells, 358
Undergraduates and Science, Linda J. Sax and Alyssa N. Bryant, 363
Women Athletes, Janet M. Holdsworth, 366
Part 7 Women Faculty 371
Overview, Joanne E. Cooper, 373
African American Faculty, Kimberly Lenease King, 380
American Indian Faculty, Barbara J. Johnson, 384
Asian American Faculty, Roberta Malee Bassett, 387
Campus Climate, Christine M. Cress, 390
Comparative Issues, Reitumetse Obakeng Mabokela, 397
Disciplinary Socialization, Helen S. Astin and Jennifer Lindholm, 402
Evaluation, Marta Soto, 406
Hiring, Joanne E. Cooper, 409
Latina Faculty, Toni Calasanti and Janice Witt Smith, 414
Lesbian Faculty, Susan Talburt, 417
Researchers, Elizabeth G. Creamer, 421
Salaries, Dana E. Christman, 424
Sex Discrimination, Cassandra P. Evans, 427
Socialization, Kelly Ward and Estela M. Bensimón, 431
Teachers, Gypsy M. Denzine, 435
Tenure and Promotion, Laura Perna, 440
Unionization, Pamela L. Eddy, 446
Women of Color at Predominantly White Institutions,
Berta Vigil Laden, 449
Part 8 Women Administrators 457
Overview, Susan B. Twombly and Vicki J. Rosser, 459
viii Contents
African American Administrators, Vernicka K. Tyson, 466
American Indian Administrators, Marilyn L. Grady, 469
Asian American Administrators, Lori M. Ideta, 472
Ethics and Practice, Jane Fried, 475
Latina Administrators, Marilyn L. Grady, 478
Leadership, Marilyn J. Amey and Pamela L. Eddy, 482
Leadership in Catholic Institutions, Mary Lou Jackson, 486
Librarians, Rebecca Tolley-Stokes, 491
Mobility, Mary Ann Danowitz Sagaria and Melissa A. Rychener, 495
Presidency, Pamela L. Eddy, 498
Professional Organizations, Jennifer Weisman, 502
Part 9 Women Employees 507
Overview, Linda K. Johnsrud and Lynn T. Inoshita, 509
Unionization, Myrna Cherkoss Donahoe, 511
Appendix 1: Women’s Studies Research Resources,Betty J. Glass, 517
Appendix 2: Colleges Identifying Themselves as Women’s Colleges, 529
Bibliography, 531
Index, 591
About the Editors, 637
Contributors
VivyanC.Adair Marcia B. Baxter Magolda
Hamilton College Miami University
Hamilton, New York Miami, Ohio
Elizabeth J. Allan Kay Beaver
University of Maine Kent State University
Orono, Maine Kent, Ohio
Marilyn J. Amey Elizabeth María Béjar
Michigan State University Boston College
Lansing, Michigan Boston, Massachusetts
Janni L. Aragon Estela M. Bensimón
University of California, Riverside University of Southern California
Riverside, California Los Angeles, California
Karen D. Arnold Debra J. Blanke
Boston College Ohio State University
Boston, Massachusetts Columbus, Ohio
Helen S. Astin Kalina M. Brabeck
University of California, Los Angeles University of Texas, Austin
Los Angeles, California Austin, Texas
Benjamin Baez Mary M. Brabeck
Georgia State University Boston College
Atlanta, Georgia Boston, Massachusetts
Roberta Malee Bassett Felecia M. Briscoe
Boston College University of Texas, San Antonio
Boston, Massachusetts San Antonio, Texas
ix