Women as Constitution-Makers: Case Studies from the New Democratic Era

398 Pages·2019·4.091 MB·English

by  Ruth Rubio-Marín (editor), Helen Irving (editor)

WOMEN AS CONSTITUTION-MAKERS
That a constitution should express the will of ‘the people’ is a long-
standing principle, but the identity of ‘the people’ has historically been
narrow. Women, in particular, were not included. A shift, however, has
recentlyoccurred.Women’sparticipationinconstitution-makingisnow
recognisedasademocraticright.Women’sdemandstohavetheirvoices
heard, in both the process of constitution-making and the text of their
country’s constitution, are gaining recognition. Campaigning for inclu-
sionintheircountry’sconstitution-making,womenhaveadoptedinnova-
tivestrategiestoexpresstheirconstitutionalaspirations.
Thiscollectionoffers,forthefirsttime,comprehensivecase-studiesof
women’scampaignsforconstitutionalequalityinninedifferentcountries
thathave undergoneconstitutional transformations inthe ‘participatory
era.’ Against a richly-contextualised historical and political background,
eachchartstheactionsandstrategiesofwomenparticipants,bothformal
andinformal,andrecordstheirsuccesses,failuresandcontinuinghopes
forconstitutionalequality.
-ˊisProfessorofConstitutionalLawattheUniversity
ofSevillaaswellastheDirectoroftheGenderandGovernanceClusterof
the School of Transnational Governance at the European University
Institute in Florence. Her most recent works include Transforming
GenderCitizenship:TheIrresistibleRiseofGenderQuotasinEurope,with
ÉléonoreLépinard(ed.)(CambridgeUniversityPress,2018)andGender
Parity and Multicultural Feminism: Towards a New Synthesis, with Will
Kymlicka(ed.)(2018).
  is Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of
Sydney. She is the author and editor of many works on constitutional
history, gender and constitutionalism and constitutional citizenship,
including Citizenship, Alienage and the Modern Constitutional State:
AGenderedHistory(CambridgeUniversityPress,2016).

WOMEN AS
CONSTITUTION-MAKERS
Case Studies from the New Democratic Era
Edited by
RUTH RUBIO-MARÍN
UniversityofSeville
HELEN IRVING
UniversityofSydney
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Title:Womenasconstitution-makers:casestudiesfromthenewdemocraticera/
editedbyRuthRubio-Marin,UniversidaddeSevilla,HelenIrving,UniversityofSydney.
Description:NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2019.
Identifiers:LCCN2018047192|ISBN9781108492775(hardback)|
ISBN9781108734530(paperback)
Subjects:LCSH:Sexdiscriminationagainstwomen–Lawandlegislation.|Constitutionallaw.|
Women’srights.|Constitutions.
Classification:LCCK3243.W662019|DDC342.0082–dc23
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CONTENTS
Notes on Contributors vii
Acknowledgements xii
Introduction: Women as Constitution-Makers:
The Promises and the Challenges of Participation 1
 -ˊ   
1 Women’s Movements and the Recognition of
Gender Equality in the Constitution-Making
Process in Morocco and Tunisia (2011–2014) 31
 
2 Women and Constitution-Making in
Post-Communist Romania 81
 a˘   ş
3 Re-Living Yesterday’s Battles: Women and
Constitution-Making in Post-Saddam Iraq 153
 
4 Women’s Participation in Peace-Building and
Constitution-Making in Somalia 190
 
5 Feminist Legalism: Colombian Constitution-Making in
the 1990s 234
 
6 Women and Constitution-Making in Turkey:
From Ottoman Modernism to a Constitutionalism
of Women’s Platform 270
  
v
vi 
7 Egypt’s Tale of Two Constitutions: Diverging
Gendered Processes and Outcomes 314
 
8 Dialogic Democracy, Feminist Theory and
Women’s Participation in Constitution-Making 351
 . 
Index 378
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
  is a fellow post-doctoral researcher at the Asia, Africa
andMediterraneanDepartmentoftheUniversityofNaples“L’Orientale”
andLecturerofHistoryofIslamicCountriesattheUniversityofMacer-
ata. During her fieldworks, she has been associated researcher to the
Centre Jacques Berque (CNRS) in Rabat (2012–2016) and visiting
researcheratIRMC(InstitutderecherchesurleMaghrebcontemporain)
in Tunis (2016). She is also UNDP Expert for Gender Equality and
Women’sEmpowermentinPublicAdministration(GEPA).Herresearch
interests are mainly focused on the history of women’s movements,
gender politics and Islam, secular and Islamic feminisms, new female
religious authorities and socio-political transformations in the MENA
region and in particular in Morocco and Tunisia. She is currently
working on cultural and artistic activism with political background in
theMaghrebpost-uprisings.SheistheauthorofthebookFeminismsand
Islam in Morocco: Women Secular Activists, Theologians and Preachers
(in Italian, 2017) and of several academic publications: ‘Islamic Female
Religious Authority between Agency and Governmentality: From the
MoroccanModelto“Multicultural”Europe’,inDeRuiter,Hashas,Niels,
Imam in Western Europe (2018); ‘Islamic Feminism in Morocco: The
DiscourseandtheExperienceofAsmaLamrabet’,inM.Ennaji,F.Sadiqi,
K.Vintges(eds.),MoroccanFeminisms.NewPerspectives(2016);‘Egalité
de genre au Maroc après 2011? Les droits sexuels et reproductifs au
centre des récentes luttes de reconnaissance’, in A. M. Maria Di Tolla
and Francesca Ersilia, Emerging Actors in Post-Revolutionary North
Africa. Gender Mobility and Social Activism, Studi Magrebini, XIV/
2016,(2017).Sheisalsoauthorofthephoto-narrativeproject‘Unveiled.
Morocco: plural feminine’ (www.svelate.org).
 a˘ is a PhD Researcher in the last stages of dissertation
writingattheEuropeanUniversityInstitute(EUI),Italy.Herdissertation
analyses the legal evolution of gender equality in post-Communist
vii
viii 
Romania and she is generally interested in issues related to gender,
constitutionalismandpoliticsinCentralandEasternEurope.Previously,
she earned an LLM degree from Yale Law School and was a visiting
researcherattheKentCentreforLaw,GenderandSexualityintheUK,at
New College Europe in Bucharest, Romania and at Central European
University in Budapest, Hungary. She is also a founding member of the
Constitutionalism and Politics working group at the EUI and collabor-
ated for two years with a gender equality NGO in Romania.
  is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of History, Phil-
osophy and Judaic Studies, the Open University of Israel. A historian of
the Middle East, her research focuses on women and gender in the
MiddleEastandonthesocial,legalandpoliticalhistoryofIraq.Between
2006and2011,sheheadedthePost-SaddamIraqResearchGroupatthe
Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She is the author of Women in Iraq:
Past Meets Present (2012) and co-editor, with Amnon Cohen, of Post-
Saddam Iraq: New Realities, Old Identities, Changing Patterns (2011).
  is Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of
Sydney. She is the author and editor of many works on constitutional
history, gender and constitutionalism and constitutional citizenship,
including Citizenship, Alienage and the Modern Constitutional State:
A Gendered History (Cambridge University Press, 2016), Gender and
the Constitution: Equity and Agency in Comparative Constitutional
Design(CambridgeUniversityPress,2008)andConstitutionsandGender
(2017). She has held visiting positions at the University of Hong Kong,
Harvard (with the Harvard Chair of Australian Studies), the London
School of Economics and the European University Institute (with a
Fernand Braudel Senior Fellowship). She has advised International
IDEA, UNDP and UN Women on gender and constitution-making.
  isaseniorgovernanceexpertwithextensive
experience providing policy and technical advice on constitutions, gov-
ernance reform, transitional justice, the design of electoral systems and
political party reforms and mainstreaming gender and social inclusion.
She has worked in fragile states and post-conflict transitions in contexts
ofextremepoliticalvolatility,changeand uncertaintransitions.Specific-
ally,shehasservedasaGenderAdvisorandasaConstitutionalAdvisor