Wo rldwi de Pa anora ama o of Nu uclear r Ene Nove Ed ergy embe

135 Pages·2013·5.56 MB·English

Worldwide Paanoraama oof Nuuclearr Eneergy

Ohi 3 -4 PWR 2,360 MMW –Japan

Noveember

Edditionn

20133

Vogtle 3 – AP11,000 - USA Flamanville --3 EPR 1,600 MMW – France

SURRRY 1-2 PWR 1,,780 MW - USAA Hanuul 1-6 PWR 6,1889 MW - South Korea

GPL.G – Strategicc Planning MManagement WWorldwide Paanorama of NNuclear Eneergy – Noveember 2013
1
TABLLE OF CCONTENNT

IIntroduction - pagge 3
I – Highlights- page 44
II - World NNuclear Electricity Generatioon - page 11
III –– Reactorss Distribution - pagge 13
IV -- Nuclear Energy SStatus in ssome counntries/regions
 Ameericas -- page 15
 Euroope -- paage 29
 Africa / Midddle East // African Arabic Coountries——page 65
 Asiaa – page 773
 Ausstralia – page 92
V – Some Trade Agreeements annd Cooperaation Accoords – pagge 93
VI – Environmeent and SSociety – ppage 105
VII – Fuel
 Uraanium – pagge 109
 Thoorium – pagge 113
VIII – SSpent Fueel , Radiattion and WWaste
• Speent Fuel – page 1144
• Raddiation – ppage 116
• Nucclear and Radioactivve Waste – page 1220
IX – PProliferattion and Risks for tthe Securiity - pagee 123
X – AA Few Nuuclear Appplications - page 1226
XI – DDecommissioning- ppage 131
XII – Conclusionns – page 133
XIII – MMain Sourrces of infformation - page 136

Noote: Commments will be welcome and caan be sentt to:
Ruuth Soarees Alves - [email protected]
Teel. [phone]

This reeport can be reprodduced in wwhole or inn part witth due inddication off the creddits.
This repoort was orriginally wwritten in Portuguesse.
GPPL.G – Strattegic Planninng Managemment Worlddwide Panorrama of Nucclear Energy – Novembber 2013 2
Introduuction
It is proobably that the Fukusshima-Daiicchi accidentt in Japan marked thhe end of issolation forr the
nuclear energy industry in the world, whicch now neeeds, more thhan ever, neew global leeaders who can
focus onn lessons leearned afterr the accidennt.
The prooposed soluutions until now will reequire millioons of dollaars in investtment in alll countries with
nuclear technologyy but as a reesult the seecurity will bbe greatly eenhanced annd will geneerate more jobs
also. New projectss will be morre accurate due to the new restricttions to withhstand extreeme events that
have beeen added too the basis of design
According to the Innternational Energy Ageency (IEA), in ‘World EEnergy Outloook 2012’ NNuclear eneergy
output ccould rise byy 58 percennt by 2035, but nuclear’s share off world enerrgy generation will fall ffrom
13 perccent to 12 ppercent beccause the ambitions for nuclear have been “scaled backk” as counttries
have reviewed poliicies following the accident at Fukkushima-Daaiichi. The capacity is sstill projected to
rise, ledd by China, SSouth Korea, India andd Russia.
The socciety’s suppport to nuclear technology is esssential for itts success and for thiss the adequate
communnication is ffundamentaal. The inforrmation must be accurrate and timmely in ordeer to createe the
foundation of public trust in geeneral and in particularly those whho perchance may be affected byy the
operatioons of nucleear companies, especiaally those wwho may be affected byy the operattions of nucclear
compannies.
Currently the Interrnet is avaiilable 24 hoours a dayy in virtuallyy every couuntry. Comppanies need to
rethink how they coommunicatee the eventt of an acciddent, preparing to listeen to concerrns and ansswer
all quesstions with oopenness annd transpareency. They need to woork hard andd train their communicaators
more beecause the qquestions aare always nnew.
The deccommissionning of nucleear power pplants at thee end of life in the comiing years wwill require huge
investmments and avvailability off skilled humman resourcces not avaailable in thee market todday. The saame
can be ssaid for impplementing aa permanennt solution too the radioaactive wastee in general and especially
those off high activitty.

Currently around 150,000 people workk with nucllear energyy and applications annd from thhese
approximmately 38%% are preparring for retirrement within 5 years. The replaceement of thiis highly skiilled
workforcce requires own policiees in each ccountry, witth the creation of coursses in univeersities that will
attract sstudents onlly if there wwill be prospeects for futuure jobs. There are still areas of reesearch thatt will
require large continngent.

To answwer a decarbonized ecconomy, as proposed by the UN to deal withh climate change, nucclear
energy stands as aan availablee and proveen technoloogy to contrribute to loww operatingg costs andd for
long timme to the ennergy matrices mix neeeded todayy. Barriers ccreated by governmennts due polittical
reasonss need to bee reconsiderred for the ggood of its oown inhabitaants.

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WORLD PPANORRAMA OF NNUCLEEAR ENNERGYY
I – Highlighhts of the Novvemberr 2013 Editionn

In 2013, up to Novvember
o 4335 nuclear ppower reactors in operaation with ann installed tootal net cappacity of 3700,536 GW(ee)
o 711 nuclear poower reactors under coonstruction (net capacityy of 66,831 MW(e)

Permannent shutdoowns
o Crysstal River 3 ((860 MW(e)), PWR, USSA) on 5 /02//2013
o Kewwaunee (5666 MW(e), PWWR, USA onn 7/05/20133
o San Onofre 2 (11070 MW(e)), PWR, USSA) on 7 /06/2013
o San Onofre 2 (11070 MW(e)), PWR, USSA) on 7 /06/2013
Connecctions to thhe grid
o Honggyanhe-1 (11000 MW(e), PWR, CHHINA) on 18 /02/2013
Construuction starrtts
o Virgiil C. Summeer 2 (1117 MMW(e), PWRR, USA) on 9 /03/2013
o Virgiil C. Summeer 3 (1117 MMW(e), PWRR, USA) on 4 /11/2013
o Vogttle-3(1117 MMW(e), PWRR, USA) on 12 /03/2013
o Baraakah 2(13455 MW(e), PWWR, UAE) oon 28 /05/20013
o Shinn-Hanul-2(13340 MW(e),, PWR, KORREA REP.) on 19 /06/22013
o Yanggjiang 5 (10000 MW(e), PWR, Chinna) on 19 /066/2013
o Tianwan 4 (1050 MW(e), PPWR, China) on 27 /09//2013

In 2012:

Construuction starrtts
o Baltiisk-1 (1082 MW(ee), PWR, Ruussia) on 222/02/2012
o Shin-Ulchiin-1 (1340 MMW(e), PWRR, KOREA REP.) on 100/07/2012
o Barakah 1 (1340 MW(e), PWR, UUAE) on 18//07/2012

Connecctions to thhe grid
o Shin –Wolssong 1 (9600 MW(e), PWWR, South KKorea) on 27/01/2012
o Shin –Kori -2 (960 MWW(e), PWR, South Koreea) on 28/011/2012

Restartts after longg-term shuutdown
o Bruce-1 (772 MWW(e), PHWRR, CANADA)) on 19 /09/2012
o Bruce-2 (772 MWW(e), PHWRR, CANADA)) on 16 /10/2012

Definitive closure
o Oldburry A1 (217 MW(e), GCCR, Great BBritain on 299/02/2012
o Wylfa (490 MW(ee), GCR, Grreat Britain on 25/04/20012
In 2011:

• 4335 nuclear ppower reactoors in operaation with ann installed tootal net capacity of 3688,192MW(e))
• 63 nuclear power reactoors under coonstruction

Connecctions to thhe grid in 20011:
• Kaaiga 4 (202 MW(and), PPHWR, India) – on 01/119/2011
• Chhasnupp 2 ((300 MW(annd), PWR, PPakistan) – on 03/14/20011
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• Linngao 4 (10000 MW(and)), PWR, China) – on 055/03/2011
• CEEFR - (20 MMW(and), FBBR, China) –– Experimeental fast breeeder reactoor on 07/21/2011
• Buushehr 1 (9115 MW(and), PWR-VVER, Iran) – on 09/03/20011
• Kaalinin4 (950 MW(and), PWR-VVERR, Russia) –– on 11/14/22011
• Qiinshan 2-4 ((610 MW(e)), PWR, Chiina) – on 111/25/2011
Construuction starrtt date in 20011:
• Chhasnupp 3 ((315 MW(annd), PWR, PPakistan) – on 05/28/111
• Raajasthan 7 ((630 MW(annd), PHWR, India) – onn 07/18/11
Definitive closure:
• Fuukushima-DDaiichi 1,2,3,4 (439/7600/760/760 MMW(and), BWWR, Japan) - were offficially declaared
cclosed on 05/20/11
• Olldbury A2 (2217 MW(andd), GCR-Maagnox, Englland) on Junne 30 – Endd of useful liifetime
• Biblis A and B (1167/11240 MW(aand), PWR, Germany) were officially declaared closedd on
008/06/11
• Brrunsbuettel (771 MW(and), BWR, GGermany) wwere officially declared closed on 008/06/11
• Isaar 1 (878 MW(and), BWWR, Germanny) were offficially declaared closed on 08/06/11
• Krruemmel (13346 MW(and), BWR, GGermany) weere officiallyy declared cclosed on 088/06/11
• Neeckarwestheeim 1(785 MMW(and), PWR,Germaany) were offficially declaared closedd on 08/06/22011
• Phhilippsburg 11 (890 MW((and), BWRR, Germany)) were officiaally declared closed onn 08/06/11
• Unnterweser (11345 MW(and), PWR, Germany) wwere officially declared closed on 008/06/11.

435 Reacttors in operatioon by type Country - IAEA –– November 20013

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435 Reacctors in operation by Countrry
IAAEA – Novembber 2013

• 15 Countriees, represeenting half of world population bbuild 69 neew reactorss with total net
ccapacity of 66,831 MWW(e).
• 665 Countriees holding nno nuclear ttechnology have expreessed to thee IAEA theirr interest in this
mmatter, as thhey plan to build reactoors and/or too develop aan industrial nuclear cappability.

GPPL.G – Strattegic Planninng Managemment Worlddwide Panorrama of Nucclear Energy – Novembber 2013 6
Reactoors Underr Construcction by Coountry
ARGENTIINA
BRAZIL
CHINA + TAIWAN
FINLANDD
2 22 3 1 1
2 FRANCE
10 INDIA
30
JAPAN
2
SOUTH KKOREA
5
PAKISTAN
2
7 1 1 RUSSIA
SLOVAKIA
UKRAINEE
UNITED AARAB EMIRATTES
UNITED SSTATES OF AMMERICA

71 Reactorss under constrruction by typee
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Reactoors in opperationn or opeerationaals
Total Net
NNumber off Electrrical
CCountry
Reactors Capaccity
[MWW]
2 935
ARGENTINNA
1 375
ARMENIA
7 5927
BELGIUM
2 1990
BRAZIL
2 1906
BULGARIAA
19 13500
CAANADA
24 18888
CHINA+TAIWAN
6 3804
CZZECH REEPUBLIC
4 2752
FIINLAND
58 663130
FRRANCE
9 12068
GERMANYY
4 1889
HUNGARYY
21 5308
INNDIA
1 915
IRRAN, ISLAAMIC REPPUBLIC
50 444215
JAAPAN
23 220739
KOOREA, RREPUBLICC OF
2 1640
MMEXICO
1 482
NETHERLAANDS
3 725
PAAKISTANN
2 1300
ROOMANIA
33 223643
RUSSIA
4 1816
SLOVAKIAA
1 688
SLOVENIAA
2 1860
SOOUTH AFFRICA
8 7567
SPAIN
10 9474
SWWEDEN
5 3308
SWWITZERLLAND
15 13107
UKRAINE
16 9231
UNITED KINNGDOM
100 998560
UNITED STTATES OFF AMER
Tootal 435 3771712

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Summaary of Analyyses and PProcedures adopted bby most couuntries afteer the acciddent
Fukushhima

After thee accident aat Fukushimma in Japann in March 22011, the enntire nuclear industry mmobilized forr
the evaluation of thhe event annd steps to bbe taken to ensure thaat these factts would noot repeate inn
other nuuclear poweer plants. Thhe lessons from the evvent generaated a seriess of actionss as a result
of the eevaluations that each country haas made. TThe issues, problems and solutioons are not
commonn to all reacctors or to alll countries.

For somme cases it will be neccessary chaange the reggulatory struucture of thhe countriess’ regulatorss
with thee intention of making agencies mmore independent, but most of ccountries did analyzess
focusedd on ensuring the reacctors abilityy to withstaand extremee events (eearthquakess and otherr
seismic events, tsuunami, floodds, windstormms and hurricanes) andd the behavvior of securrity systemss
and saffe shutdownn of the plaants. They aalso evaluaated the proocesses andd planning for externaal
responsse to nucleaar emergenccies and SAAMG's (Seveere Accidents Managemment Guidelines)

A summmary of key actions by country is ffollowing. EEvaluations undertaken by countriees and theirr
regulatoors generatee programss and proceedures to soolve any weeaknesses and have bbeen or aree
being deeveloped:

The main actions aare concentrrated in areaas where thhere are potential for immprovementss:
• CCountry Regulatory Strructure;
• SSeismic ressistance evaaluation of eeach reactorr;
GPPL.G – Strattegic Planninng Managemment Worlddwide Panorrama of Nucclear Energy – Novembber 2013 9
• CChecking off Tsunami/fllood defensses;
• IInstall new eemergency Diesels;
• CChecking Emergency ccooling pummps;
• EEvaluation oof Spent Fuuel Pool Coooling;
• CChecking off Instrumenttation’s Speent Fuel Poool;
• HHydrogen’s Recombineers
• CContainmennt Vent
• SSAMG’s (Seevere Acciddents Managgement Guidelines)
• MMulti-unit Annalysis;
• EEmergency Response

The commparison oof nuclear ppower geneeration in thhe years 22010 and 2011 showss that somee
countriees have redduced theirr nuclear ggeneration, but most oof then hass increase the energyy
generatted by this ssource from one year too the next. OOnly Japan, which tookk off much oof its fleet forr
tests aftter the earthquake andd tsunami oof March 2011 and Gerrmany havee turned off some of itss
reactorss spontaneoously, had aa reduction in its nucleaar power genneration.

Nuclear Generaation by Countryy and Year ( 20110/2011/2012)

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