Withrow and Mac: Ewen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology

763 Pages·2013·48.186 MB·English

Withrow & MacEwen’s
Small Animal
Clinical Oncology

Withrow & MacEwen’s
Small Animal
Clinical Oncology
5th edition
Stephen J. Withrow, DVM, DACVS, DACVIM (Oncology)
Associate Director and Founder
Animal Cancer Center
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
David M. Vail, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology)
Professor of Oncology
Barbara A. Suran Chair in Comparative Oncology
Director, Center for Clinical Trials and Research
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
Rodney L. Page, DVM, DACVIM (Internal Med/Oncology)
Director, Flint Animal Cancer Center
Professor of Medical Oncology
Department of Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
WITHROW AND MACEWEN’S SMALL ANIMAL CLINICAL ONCOLOGY ISBN: 978-1-4377-2362-5
Copyright © 2013, 2007, 2001, 1996, 1989 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter titled “Tumor Biology and Metastasis” by Chand Khanna is in the public domain.
Chapter titled “Clinical Trials and Developmental Therapeutics” by Melissa C. Paoloni is in the public domain.
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Contributors
David J. Argyle, BVMS, PhD, DECVIM-CA (Oncology), William T.N. Culp, VMD, DACVS
MRCVS Assistant Professor
William Dick Professor of Clinical Studies and Dean of School Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute University of California-Davis
The University of Edinburgh School of Veterinary Medicine
Easter Bush Davis, California
Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom Tumors of the Respiratory System: Pulmonary Neoplasia
Tumor Biology and Metastasis
Molecular/Targeted Therapy of Cancer: Gene Therapy for Cancer Curtis W. Dewey, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Neurology), DACVS
Molecular/Targeted Therapy of Cancer: Novel and Emerging Associate Professor, Neurology/Neurosurgery
Therapeutic Targets Chief, Section of Neurology
Department of Clinical Sciences
Anne C. Avery, VMD, PhD College of Veterinary Medicine
Associate Professor of Immunology Cornell University
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences Ithaca, New York
Colorado State University Tumors of the Nervous System
Fort Collins, Colorado
Molecular Diagnostics Steven Dow, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM (Internal Medicine)
Professor of Immunology
Philip J. Bergman, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM (Oncology) Department of Clinical Sciences
Director, Clinical Studies, VCA Antech Inc. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology
Medical Director, Katonah-Bedford Veterinary Center Colorado State University
Bedford Hills, New York; Fort Collins, Colorado
Adjunct Associate Cancer Immunotherapy
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York Richard R. Dubielzig, DVM, DACVP, DACVO (hon)
Paraneoplastic Syndromes Professor of Pathology
Melanoma Department of Pathobiological Sciences
University of Wisconsin
Brenda N. Bonnett, BSc, DVM, PhD Madison, Wisconsin
Consulting Epidemiologist Ocular Tumors
B Bonnett Consulting
Wiarton, Ontario, Canada E.J. Ehrhart, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Epidemiology and the Evidence-Based Medicine Approach Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology
Lesley M. Butler, PhD CSU Animal Cancer Center
Assistant Professor CSU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories
Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University
Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado
Fort Collins, Colorado The Pathology of Neoplasia
Epidemiology and the Evidence-Based Medicine Approach
Nicole P. Ehrhart, VMD, MS, DACVS
Craig A. Clifford, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology) Professor, Surgical Oncology
Staff Oncologist and Director of Clinical Research Animal Cancer Center
Hope Veterinary Specialists Colorado State University
Malvern, Pennsylvania Fort Collins, Colorado
Miscellaneous Tumors: Histiocytic Diseases Biopsy Principles
Tumors of the Skeletal System
v
vi Contributors
Timothy M. Fan, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Oncology, Internal Ira K. Gordon, DVM, DACVR
Medicine) Postdoctoral Fellow
Associate Professor Radiation Oncology Branch
Veterinary Clinical Medicine National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Bethesda, Maryland;
Urbana, Illinois Radiation Oncologist
Tumors of the Skeletal System The Oncology Service, LLC
Washington, DC;
James P. Farese, DVM, DACVS VetPrep Corp
Associate Professor Solana Beach, California
Small Animal Clinical Sciences Radiation Therapy
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida Daniel L. Gustafson, BS, PhD
Surgical Oncology Associate Professor, Clinical Sciences
Melanoma Director of Research, Animal Cancer Center
Colorado State University
Lisa J. Forrest, VMD, DACVR (Radiology, Radiation Fort Collins, Colorado;
Oncology) Director, Pharmacology Core
Professor, Radiation Oncology Section Head University of Colorado Cancer Center
Surgical Sciences Anschutz Medical Campus
School of Veterinary Medicine University of Colorado-Denver,
University of Wisconsin-Madison Aurora, Colorado
Madison, Wisconsin Cancer Chemotherapy
Imaging in Oncology
Soft Tissue Sarcomas Amanda M. Guth, DVM, PhD
Research Scientist, Animal Cancer Center
Kristen R. Friedrichs, DVM, DACVP (Clinical Pathology) Department of Clinical Sciences
Clinical Assistant Professor Colorado State University
Department of Pathobiological Sciences Fort Collins, Colorado
School of Veterinary Medicine Cancer Immunotherapy
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin Marlene L. Hauck, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Oncology)
Diagnostic Cytopathology in Clinical Oncology Professor of Oncology
Department of Clinical Sciences
Laura D. Garrett, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology) College of Veterinary Medicine
Clinical Associate Professor, Oncology North Carolina State University
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine Raleigh, North Carolina
College of Veterinary Medicine Tumors of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois Carolyn J. Henry, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology)
Miscellaneous Tumors: Mesothelioma Professor of Oncology
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
Michael H. Goldschmidt, MSc, BVMS, MRCVS, DACVP College of Veterinary Medicine
Professor, Veterinary Pathology Division of Hematology/Oncology
Department of Pathobiology School of Medicine
Chief, Surgical Pathology Interim Associate Director of Research
Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology Ellis Fischel Cancer Center
School of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri
University of Pennsylvania Columbia, Missouri
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Etiology of Cancer: Chemical, Physical, and Hormonal Factors
Tumors of the Mammary Gland The Etiology of Cancer: Cancer-Causing Viruses
Debra A. Kamstock, DVM, PhD, DACVP
KamPath Diagnostics & Investigation;
Affiliate Faculty
Department of Clinical Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
The Pathology of Neoplasia
Contributors vii
Michael S. Kent, MAS, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology), DACVR B. Duncan X. Lascelles, BSc, BVSc, PhD, CertVA, DSAS (ST),
(Radiation Oncology) DECVS, DACVS
Associate Professor Professor, Small Animal Surgery and Pain Management
Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences
University of California-Davis Comparative Pain Research Laboratory and Center for
Davis, California Comparative Medicine and Translational Research
Melanoma College of Veterinary Medicine
North Carolina State University
Chand Khanna, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Oncology) Raleigh, North Carolina
Senior Scientist Supportive Care for the Cancer Patient: Management of Chronic
Head, Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section Cancer Pain
Center for Cancer Research
National Cancer Institute Jessica A. Lawrence, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology), DACVR
Bethesda, Maryland (Radiation Oncology)
Tumor Biology and Metastasis Assistant Professor of Medical Oncology
Molecular Diagnostics Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery
University of Georgia
William C. Kisseberth, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Oncology) College of Veterinary Medicine
Associate Professor Athens, Georgia
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Tumors of the Female Reproductive System
College of Veterinary Medicine Tumors of the Male Reproductive System
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio Julius M. Liptak, BVSc, MVetClinStud, FACVSc, DECVS,
Miscellaneous Tumors: Neoplasia of the Heart DACVS
Alta Vista Animal Hospital
Deborah W. Knapp, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology) Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Dolores L. McCall Professor of Comparative Oncology Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Veterinary Clinical Sciences Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Oral Tumors
Purdue University Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Hepatobiliary Tumors
West Lafayette, Indiana
Tumors of the Urinary System Cheryl A. London, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Oncology)
Associate Professor
Susan L. Kraft, DVM, PhD, DACVR (Diagnostic Imaging), Shackelford Professor of Veterinary Medicine
DACVR (Radiation Oncology) Department of Veterinary Biosciences
Professor, Veterinary Radiology College of Veterinary Medicine
Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences The Ohio State University
Colorado State University Columbus, Ohio
James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital Molecular/Targeted Therapy of Cancer: Signal Transduction and
Fort Collins Colorado Cancer
Imaging in Oncology Mast Cell Tumors
Susan E. Lana, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology) Katharine F. Lunn, BVMS, MS, PhD, MRCVS, DACVIM
Associate Professor (Small Animal Internal Medicine)
Animal Cancer Center Associate Professor
Department of Clinical Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences
Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Fort Collins, Colorado North Carolina State University
Tumors of the Respiratory System: Nasosinal Tumors Raleigh, North Carolina
Tumors of the Endocrine System
Susan M. LaRue, DVM, PhD, DACVS, DACVR (Radiation
Oncology)
Professor of Radiation Oncology
Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
Colorado State University
James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Animal Cancer Center
Fort Collins, Colorado
Radiation Therapy
viii Contributors
Dennis W. Macy, DM, MS, DACVIM (Internal Medicine/ Anthony J. Mutsaers, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Oncology)
Oncology) Assistant Professor
Professor Emeritus Department of Clinical Studies
Department of Clinical Sciences Department of Biomedical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine Ontario Veterinary College
Colorado State University University of Guelph
Fort Collins, Colorado; Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Chief Molecular/Targeted Therapy of Cancer: Antiangiogenic and
Department of Medical Oncology Metronomic Therapy
Desert Veterinary Specialist
Palm Desert, California; Christine Olver, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Owner and Chief of Staff Associate Professor of Clinical Pathology
Cancer Care Specialist College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
West Flamingo Animal Hospital Colorado State University
Las Vegas, Nevada Fort Collins, Colorado
The Etiology of Cancer: Cancer-Causing Viruses Molecular Diagnostics
Margaret C. McEntee, DVM, DACVIM, DACVR(RO) Rodney L. Page, DVM, DACVIM (Internal Med/Oncology)
Professor and Alexander de Lahunta Chair Director, Flint Animal Cancer Center
Department of Clinical Sciences Professor of Medical Oncology
College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
Ithaca, New York Colorado State University
Tumors of the Nervous System Fort Collins, Colorado
Epidemiology and the Evidence-Based Medicine Approach
Sarah K. McMillan, DVM Cancer Chemotherapy
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Tumors of the Endocrine System
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana Melissa C. Paoloni, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology)
Tumors of the Urinary System Director, Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium
Comparative Oncology Program
Paul E. Miller, DVM, DACVO Center for Cancer Research
Clinical Professor of Comparative Ophthalmology National Cancer Institute
Department of Surgical Sciences Bethesda, Maryland
School of Veterinary Medicine Molecular Diagnostics
University of Wisconsin-Madison Clinical Trials and Developmental Therapeutics
Madison, Wisconsin
Ocular Tumors Marie E. Pinkerton, DVM, DACVP
Clinical Assistant Professor of Anatomic Pathology
Jaime F. Modiano, VMD, PhD Pathology Section Head
Al and June Perlman Endowed Professor of Animal Oncology Department of Pathobiological Sciences
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin-Madison
Masonic Cancer Center Madison, Wisconsin
University of Minnesota Hematopoietic Tumors: Canine Lymphoma and Lymphoid
Minneapolis, Minnesota Leukemias
The Etiology of Cancer: The Genetic Basis of Cancer
Barbara E. Powers, BS, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVP
Peter F. Moore, BVSc, PhD Director of Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Professor of Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine Colorado State University
University of California-Davis Fort Collins, Colorado
Davis, California The Pathology of Neoplasia
Miscellaneous Tumors: Histiocytic Diseases
Robert B. Rebhun, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Oncology)
Assistant Professor
Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California-Davis
Davis, California
Tumors of the Respiratory System: Pulmonary Neoplasia
Contributors ix
Narda G. Robinson, DO, DVM, MS, FAAMA Carlos Henrique de Mello Souza, Med vet, MS, DACVIM
Director (Oncology), DACVS
CSU Center for Comparative and Integrative Pain Medicine Surgical and Medical Oncologist, Relief
Department of Clinical Sciences Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
Colorado State University Oklahoma State University
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences Stillwater, Oklahoma
Fort Collins, Colorado Miscellaneous Tumors: Thymoma
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Cancer: The Good,
the Bad, and the Dangerous Douglas H. Thamm, VMD, DACVIM (Oncology)
Associate Professor, Oncology
Stewart D. Ryan, BVSc(Hons), MS, DACVS Barbara Cox Anthony Chair, Oncology
Affiliate Faculty Animal Cancer Center
Colorado State University Department of Clinical Sciences
Fort Collins, Colorado; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Director Colorado State University
Surgical Consultancy Services Pty. Ltd. Fort Collins, Colorado
Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia Molecular/Targeted Therapy of Cancer: Novel and Emerging
Tumors of the Skeletal System Therapeutic Targets
Mast Cell Tumors
Corey F. Saba, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology) Miscellaneous Tumors: Hemangiosarcoma
Associate Professor
Department of Medicine and Surgery Michelle M. Turek, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology), DACVR
University of Georgia (Radiation Oncology)
College of Veterinary Medicine Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology
Athens, Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine
Tumors of the Female Reproductive System The University of Georgia
Tumors of the Male Reproductive System Athens, Georgia
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Perianal Tumors
Kim A. Selting, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology) Tumors of the Respiratory System: Nasosinal Tumors
Associate Teaching Professor
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery David M. Vail, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology)
University of Missouri Professor of Oncology
Columbia, Missouri Barbara A. Suran Chair in Comparative Oncology
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Intestinal Tumors Director, Center for Clinical Trials and Research
School of Veterinary Medicine
Jane R. Shaw, DVM, PhD University of Wisconsin-Madison
Assistant Professor and Director of the Argus Institute Madison, Wisconsin
Department of Clinical Sciences Clinical Trials and Developmental Therapeutics
Veterinary Teaching Hospital Hematopoietic Tumors: Canine Lymphoma and Lymphoid
Colorado State University Leukemias
Fort Collins, Colorado Hematopoietic Tumors: Feline Lymphoma and Leukemia
Supportive Care for the Cancer Patient: Relationship-Centered Hematopoietic Tumors: Canine Acute Myeloid Leukemia,
Approach to Cancer Communication Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, and Myelodysplasia
Hematopoietic Tumors: Myeloma-Related Disorders
Katherine A. Skorupski, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology)
Associate Professor of Clinical Medical Oncology Joseph J. Wakshlag, DVM, PhD, DACVN, DACVSMR
Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences Assistant Professor
University of California-Davis Department of Clinical Sciences
Davis, California Cornell University
Miscellaneous Tumors: Histiocytic Diseases Ithaca, New York
Supportive Care for the Cancer Patient: Nutritional Management of
Karin U. Sorenmo, DVM, DACVIM, ECVIM-CA (Oncology) the Cancer Patient
Associate Professor of Oncology
Section Chief of Oncology
Department of Clinical Studies
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Tumors of the Mammary Gland
x Contributors
Stephen J. Withrow, DVM, DACVS, DACVIM (Oncology) Deanna R. Worley, DVM, DACVS
Associate Director and Founder Assistant Professor, Surgical Oncology
Animal Cancer Center Department of Clinical Sciences
Colorado State University Colorado State University;
Fort Collins, Colorado Assistant Professor, Surgical Oncology
Biopsy Principles Animal Cancer Center
Surgical Oncology Colorado State University
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: OralTumors Fort Collins, Colorado
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Salivary Gland Cancer Tumors of the Mammary Gland
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Esophageal Cancer
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer Karen M. Young, VMD, PhD
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Gastric Cancer Clinical Professor of Clinical Pathology
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Perianal Tumors Chief of Diagnostic Services
Tumors of the Respiratory System: Cancer of the Nasal Planum Department of Pathobiological Sciences
Tumors of the Respiratory System: Cancer of the Larynx and School of Veterinary Medicine
Trachea University of Wisconsin–Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
J. Paul Woods, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Internal Medicine, Diagnostic Cytopathology in Clinical Oncology
Oncology) Hematopoietic Tumors: Canine Lymphoma and Lymphoid
Co-Director, Institute for Comparative Cancer Investigation Leukemias
Professor of Small Animal Medicine Hematopoietic Tumors: Canine Acute Myeloid Leukemia,
Department of Clinical Studies Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, and Myelodysplasia
Ontario Veterinary College
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Miscellaneous Tumors: Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor