Wireless Power Transmission for Sustainable Electronics

2020·28.9 MB·English

by  Carvalho & Georgiadis

(cid:2)
WirelessPowerTransmissionforSustainableElectronics
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Wireless Power Transmission for Sustainable
Electronics
COST WiPE - IC1301
Edited by
(cid:2) Nuno Borges Carvalho (cid:2)
InstitutodeTelecomunicações
UniversidadedeAveiro
Aveiro
PO
Apostolos Georgiadis
Heriot-WattUniversity
Edinburgh
UK
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Thiseditionfirstpublished2020
©2020JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,
ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor
otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerial
fromthistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
TherightofNunoBorgesCarvalhoandApostolosGeorgiadistobeidentifiedastheauthorsof
theeditorialmaterialinthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw.
RegisteredOffice
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
EditorialOffice
111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWiley
productsvisitusatwww.wiley.com.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Some
contentthatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinother
formats.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty
Whilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymake
norepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsof
thisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimplied
warrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedor
extendedbysalesrepresentatives,writtensalesmaterialsorpromotionalstatementsforthis
work.Thefactthatanorganization,website,orproductisreferredtointhisworkasacitation
and/orpotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthepublisherandauthors
endorsetheinformationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmayprovideor
recommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisheris
(cid:2) notengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmay (cid:2)
notbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.
Further,readersshouldbeawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedor
disappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernor
authorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnot
limitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Carvalho,NunoBorges,editor.|Georgiadis,Apostolos,editor.|
COSTWiPE–IC1301(Project)
Title:Wirelesspowertransmissionforsustainableelectronics:COST
WiPE–IC1301/NunoBorgesCarvalho,InstitutodeTelecomunicações,
UniversidadedeAveiro,ApostolosGeorgiadis,Heriot-WattUniversity,
Edinburgh,UK.
Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,2020.
|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2019041400(print)|LCCN2019041401(ebook)|ISBN
9781119578543(hardback)|ISBN9781119578499(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119578574(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Wirelesspowertransmission.|Electronicapparatusand
appliances–Powersupply.|Greenelectronics.
Classification:LCCTK3088.W6352020(print)|LCCTK3088(ebook)|DDC
621.319–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019041400
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019041401
CoverdesignbyWiley
Coverimage:©Jobalou/GettyImages
Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
v
Contents
ListofFigures xiii
ListofContributors xxxiii
Preface xxxvii
Acknowledgments xxxix
1 Textile-SupportedWirelessEnergyTransfer 1
MiroslavCupal,JaroslavLáˇcík,ZbyneˇkRaida,JanŠpůrek,andJanVélim
(cid:2) 1.1 Introduction 1 (cid:2)
1.2 Textile-CoatedSingle-WireTransmissionLine 3
1.3 Textile-IntegratedComponents 6
1.3.1 FabricationoftheTopConductiveLayerandtheBottomOne 8
1.3.2 FabricationofConductiveViasofSideWalls 8
1.4 In-VehicleWirelessEnergyTransfer 15
1.5 Summary 24
References 25
2 AReviewofMethodsfortheElectromagnetic
CharacterizationofTextileMaterialsfortheDevelopmentof
WearableAntennas 27
CarolineLoss,RicardoGonçalves,PedroPinho,andRitaSalvado
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 ElectromagneticPropertiesofMaterials 29
2.2.1 ConductiveFabrics 29
2.2.2 DielectricFabrics 31
2.3 DielectricCharacterizationMethodsAppliedtoTextileMaterialsand
Leather:ASurvey 32
2.3.1 ResonantMethods 33
2.3.1.1 CavityPerturbationMethods 33
2.3.1.2 MicrostripResonatorPatchMethod 35
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
vi Contents
2.3.1.3 MicrostripResonatorRingMethod 35
2.3.1.4 MicrostripPatchSensor 35
2.3.1.5 Agilent85070EDielectricMeasurementProbeKit 39
2.3.1.6 SummaryoftheCharacterizationofTextileMaterialsby
ResonantMethods 40
2.3.2 NonresonantMethods 40
2.3.2.1 ParallelPlateMethod 40
2.3.2.2 FreeSpaceMethods 41
2.3.2.3 PlanarTransmissionLinesMethods 44
2.3.2.4 SummaryoftheCharacterizationofTextileMaterialsby
NonresonantMethods 46
2.4 SomeFactorsthatAffecttheMeasurementofDielectricPropertiesof
Textiles 46
2.4.1 InfluenceoftheMoistureContent 46
2.4.2 InfluenceoftheMaterialAnisotropy 47
2.4.3 InfluenceoftheBulkPorosity 47
2.4.4 InfluenceoftheSurfaceFeatures 48
2.5 Conclusions 48
Acknowledgments 50
References 50
(cid:2) (cid:2)
3 SmartBeamformingTechniquesfor“OnDemand”WPT 57
DiegoMasotti,MazenShanawani,andAlessandraCostanzo
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 BasicsofTime-modulatedArrays 61
3.3 Nonlinear/Full-WaveCo-simulationofTMAS 63
3.4 Two-StepAgileWPTStrategy 64
3.4.1 LocalizationStep 65
3.4.2 PowerTransferStep 66
3.5 SimulationResults 68
3.5.1 LocalizationStep 68
3.5.2 PowerTransferStep 69
3.6 MeasuredResults 73
3.7 TMAArchitectureforFundamentalPatternSteering 76
3.8 Conclusion 81
References 82
4 BackscatteraSolutionforIoTDevices 85
DanielBelo,RicardoCorreia,MarinaJordao,PedroPinho,and
NunoB.Carvalho
4.1 BackscatterBasics 85
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Contents vii
4.1.1 DifferentBackscatterSensorsDevelopment 87
4.1.2 BackscatterwithWPTCapabilities 87
4.1.3 High-OrderBackscatterModulation 88
4.1.4 ModulatedHigh-BandwidthBackscatterwithWPTCapabilities 89
4.2 AnIoT-CompleteSensorwithBackscatterCapabilities 90
4.2.1 SystemDescription 91
4.2.2 DigitalComponent 92
4.2.3 Measurements 94
4.3 ThePowerAvailabilityforTheseSensors 97
4.3.1 ElectronicallySteerablePhasedArrayforWirelessPowerTransfer
Applications 98
4.3.2 WirelessEnergyReceivingDevice 101
4.3.3 ExperimentalResults 104
4.4 CharacterizationofHigh-OrderModulationBackscatterSystems 107
4.4.1 CharacterizationSystem 107
4.4.2 Measurements 110
References 114
5 AmbientFMBackscatteringLow-CostandLow-Power
(cid:2) WirelessRFIDApplications 117 (cid:2)
SpyridonN.Daskalakis,RicardoCorreia,JohnKimionis,GeorgeGoussetis,
ManosM.Tentzeris,NunoB.Carvalho,andApostolosGeorgiadis
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 AmbientBackscattering 120
5.2.1 AmbientFMBackscattering 122
5.2.2 BinaryModulationTag 124
5.2.3 4-PAMTag 125
5.2.4 BinaryTelecommunicationProtocol 127
5.2.5 4-PAMTelecommunicationProtocol 129
5.2.6 Receiver 129
5.2.7 SoftwareBinaryReceiver 130
5.2.8 Software4-PAMReceiver 132
5.2.9 ExperimentalandMeasurementResults 132
5.3 Conclusions 138
Acknowledgments 139
References 139
6 BackscatterRFIDSensorSystemforRemote
HealthMonitoring 145
JasminGrosinger
6.1 Introduction 145
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
viii Contents
6.2 On-BodySystem 146
6.2.1 BodyModel 146
6.2.2 Antennas 149
6.2.2.1 MonopoleAntennas 149
6.2.2.2 PatchAntennas 151
6.3 RadioChannel 152
6.3.1 MeasurementSetup 153
6.3.2 ComparisonofSimulationsandMeasurements 154
6.3.3 MeasurementResults 156
6.3.3.1 AntennaMatching 156
6.3.3.2 ChannelGain 157
6.4 SystemPerformance 159
6.4.1 ForwardLink 162
6.4.1.1 SystemExample 165
6.4.2 BackwardLink 166
6.4.2.1 SystemExample 166
6.5 Conclusions 168
Acknowledgments 169
References 170
(cid:2) (cid:2)
7 RoboticsMeetsRFIDforSimultaneousLocalization
(ofRobotsandObjects)andMapping(SLAM)–AJoined
Problem 175
AntonisG.Dimitriou,StavroulaSiachalou,EmmanouilTsardoulias,and
LoukasPetrou
7.1 Scope 175
7.2 Introduction 176
7.3 LocalizationofRFIDTags–PriorArt 182
7.3.1 MultipathinPassiveRFIDSystems 184
7.3.2 RepresentativeLocalizationTechniques 185
7.3.2.1 AngleofArrival 185
7.3.2.2 ReceivedSignalStrength–Bayes’TheoremandConditional
Probability 187
7.3.2.3 Fingerprinting–“Landmarc” 189
7.3.2.4 HolographicLocalization 190
7.3.2.5 OtherMethods 192
7.3.3 AnalysisofPriorArt 194
7.4 ABriefIntroductioninSLAM/LocalizationTechniques 195
7.4.1 IntroductiontoLocalization,Mapping,andSLAM 196
7.4.2 MathematicalFormulationofSLAM 197
7.4.3 ProbabilisticallySolvingSLAM 198
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Contents ix
7.4.4 SpaceRepresentationinSLAM 201
7.4.5 SLAMAlgorithmSelection 202
7.4.5.1 WhatAretheRobot’sSensors? 202
7.4.5.2 WhichIstheEnvironmentalMorphology? 203
7.4.5.3 HowWilltheGeneratedMapBeUtilized? 203
7.4.6 SLAM/LocalizationandRFIDLocalizationIssues 204
7.5 Prototype–ExperimentalResults 206
7.5.1 Equipment 206
7.5.2 Methodology 208
7.5.2.1 Phase1 208
7.5.2.2 Phase2 209
7.5.3 Results 212
7.6 Discussion 216
Acknowledgments 218
References 218
8 FromIdentificationtoSensing:AugmentedRFIDTags 223
KonstantinosZannas,HatemElMatbouly,YvanDuroc,andSmailTedjini
8.1 Introduction 223
(cid:2) 8.2 GenericRFIDCommunicationChain 226 (cid:2)
8.2.1 RFIDSensorTag 226
8.2.2 RFIDDataCaptureLevel 228
8.2.3 RFIDTagProcessLevel 229
8.2.4 RFIDCommunicationChannel 231
8.2.5 RFIDReaderProcessLevelandRFIDReader 232
8.3 RFIDSensorTags:ExamplesfromLiteratureorCommercially
Available 233
8.3.1 ExamplesfromLiterature 234
8.3.2 ExamplesCommerciallyAvailable 239
8.4 ComparisonofDifferentTypesofRFIDTemperatureSensors 240
8.5 Conclusion 242
References 243
9 AutonomousSystemofWirelessPowerDistributionfor
StaticandMovingNodesofWirelessSensorNetworks 247
PrzemyslawKant,KarolDobrzyniewicz,andJerzyJulianMichalski
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 DataRoutinginWSNBasedonMultipleSpanningTreesConcept 248
9.2.1 MultipleSpanningTreesRoutingProtocol 249
9.2.2 SoftwareWSNSimulator 252
9.2.3 ExperimentalVerification 253
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
x Contents
9.3 WPTSystemfor2DDistributedWSN 256
9.3.1 SystemConcept 257
9.3.2 PhysicalRealizationof2DWPTSystem 260
9.3.3 ExperimentalVerificationofthe2DWPTSystem 264
9.3.4 Testsof2DWPTSystemwithImplementedSwitchingAlgorithm 266
9.4 WPTSystemfor3DDistributedWSN 269
9.4.1 DesignofComponentsofthe3DWPTSystem 272
9.5 LocatingSystemandElectromagneticPowerSupplyforWSN
in3DSpace 275
9.5.1 TrackingSubsystem 276
9.5.2 DataExchangeSystem 278
9.5.3 AngularPositionEstimationofMovingWSNNode 279
9.5.4 ExperimentalVerification 281
9.5.5 AdaptationoftheSystemtoWPTforWSN 282
9.5.5.1 TrackingSystem 282
9.5.5.2 WSNNode 282
9.6 Summary 283
References 284
(cid:2) 10 SmartphoneReceptionofMicrowatt,MetertoKilometer (cid:2)
RangeBackscatterResistive/CapacitiveSensorswith
AmbientFMRemodulationandSelectionDiversity 287
GeorgiosVougioukasandAggelosBletsas
10.1 Introduction 287
10.2 OperatingPrinciple 291
10.2.1 BackscatterCommunication 291
10.2.2 FMRemodulation 292
10.3 ImpactofNoise 293
10.3.1 HighSNRCase 294
10.3.2 LowSNRCase 301
10.4 OccupiedBandwidth 302
10.5 AmbientSelectionDiversity 303
10.6 AnalogTagImplementation 304
10.6.1 SensingCapacitorandControlCircuit 305
10.6.1.1 Generating𝜇(t)–FirstModulationLevel 305
10.6.1.2 Generatingx (t)–SecondModulationLevel 306
FM
10.6.2 RF-Switch 306
10.6.3 PowerConsumptionandSupply 306
10.6.3.1 BatterylessTagwithPhotodiode 307
10.6.3.2 BatterylessTagwithSolarPanel 307
(cid:2)