Wireless Power Transfer: Theory, technology, and applications

294 Pages·2018·23.8 MB·English

by  Naoki Shinohara

IETENERGY ENGINEERING 112
Wireless Power Transfer
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Wireless Power Transfer
Theory, technology, and applications
Edited by
Naoki Shinohara
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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Contents
Abouttheeditor xi
1 Introduction 1
Naoki Shinohara
References 5
2 Basic theory of inductive coupling 7
Hidetoshi Matsuki
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 WPT system 7
2.2.1 Basic theoryof WPT system 7
2.2.2 Microwave method 12
2.2.3 Magnetic resonance method 12
2.2.4 Electrical resonance method 13
2.2.5 Electromagnetic induction method 14
2.3 Magnetic induction 14
2.3.1 Powertransformer 14
2.3.2 Magnetic induction (LC mode) 18
2.4 Medical applications 21
References 22
3 Basic theory of resonance coupling WPT 23
Hiroshi Hirayama
3.1 Classification of WPT systems 23
3.1.1 Classification of near-field and far-field WPT 23
3.1.2 Classification of resonant WPT 24
3.1.3 Relationship among WPT types 25
3.2 Unified model of resonance coupling WPT 26
3.2.1 Concept of the ‘‘coupler’’ 26
3.2.2 Unified model based on resonance and coupling 26
3.2.3 Application for LC resonator 28
3.2.4 Application for electric field coupling WPT 29
3.2.5 Application for self-resonator 29
vi Wireless powertransfer:theory, technology, and applications
3.3 Generalized model of WPT 31
3.3.1 Energy flow in WPT system 31
3.3.2 Generalized model 33
3.3.3 Understanding of coupled-resonator WPT system
through generalized model 34
3.3.4 Understanding of coupler-and-matching-circuit WPT
system through generalized model 34
Acknowledgment 35
References 35
4 Multi-hop wireless power transmission 37
Yoshiaki Narusue and YoshihiroKawahara
4.1 Transfer distance extension using relay effect 38
4.2 Multi-hop routing 41
4.3 Equivalent circuit and transfer efficiency 45
4.4 Design theory based on BPFtheory 48
4.5 Design theory forarbitrary hop power transmission 54
4.6 Power efficiency estimation 58
References 62
5 Circuit theory onwireless couplers 65
Takashi Ohira
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Inductive coupler 66
5.2.1 Equivalent circuit 66
5.2.2 Coupling coefficient 67
5.2.3 Qfactor 67
5.2.4 Coupling Qfactor 68
5.2.5 Optimum impedance 68
5.2.6 Maximumefficiency 69
5.3 Capacitive coupler 69
5.3.1 Equivalent circuit 69
5.3.2 Coupling coefficient 70
5.3.3 Qfactor 70
5.3.4 Coupling Qfactor 70
5.3.5 Optimum admittance 71
5.3.6 Maximumefficiency 71
5.4 Generalized formulas 71
5.4.1 Two-port black box 72
5.4.2 Impedance matrix 72
5.4.3 Generalized kQ 73
5.4.4 Optimum load and inputimpedance 74
5.4.5 Maximumefficiency 74
Contents vii
5.5 Conclusion 77
Appendix A
A.1 Measurement of kQ in practice 77
Acknowledgments 81
References 81
6 Inverter/rectifier technologies onWPT systems 83
HirooSekiya
6.1 Introduction 83
6.2 WPT system construction 84
6.3 General theory of optimal WPT system designs 85
6.3.1 Coupling coils 85
6.3.2 Optimal design of coupling part 90
6.3.3 Design strategies of rectifier and inverter 92
6.4 High-efficiency rectifier 92
6.4.1 ClassDrectifier 92
6.4.2 Effects of diode parasitic capacitance 93
6.4.3 ClassE rectifier 95
6.4.4 ClassE/F rectifier 96
6.5 High-efficiency inverters 97
6.5.1 ClassDinverter 97
6.5.2 ClassE inverter 99
6.5.3 ClassDE inverter 100
6.5.4 ClassE/F inverter 101
6.5.5 ClassF inverter 101
6.6 Design example of optimal WPT system 103
6.6.1 Optimal design forfixed coil parameters 103
6.6.2 Optimal WPT system design 106
6.7 Conclusion 108
References 109
7 Basic theory of wireless powertransfer via radio waves 113
Naoki Shinohara
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 Propagationof radio waves 114
7.2.1 Radio waves in a far field 114
7.2.2 Radio waves in the radiative near field 116
7.2.3 Radio waves in the reactive near field 119
7.2.4 Radio waves from a dipole antenna 122
7.3 Directivity control and beam formation using phased-array
antenna 123
7.4 Receiving antenna efficiency 126
References 127
viii Wireless power transfer: theory, technology, and applications
8 Technologies of antennaandphasedarray for wireless power
transfer via radio waves 129
A. Massa,G.Oliveri, P. Rocca, N. Anselmi andM.Salucci
Abstract 129
8.1 Introduction and rationale 129
8.2 Design of antenna and phased arraysforWPT: problem
formulation 131
8.2.1 The end-to-end WPT efficiency 131
8.2.2 The transmitting WPT antenna design problem 132
8.3 WPT phased array synthesis techniques 134
8.3.1 Uniform excitations in WPT 134
8.3.2 Heuristic tapering methods 135
8.3.3 Designsbased onoptimization strategies 138
8.3.4 Optimal WPT phased array synthesis 139
8.3.5 Unconventional architectures for WPT phased arrays 141
8.4 Final remarks, current trends, and future perspectives 147
Acknowledgments 149
References 149
9 Transmitter/rectifier technologies inWPT via radio waves 155
Naoki Shinohara
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 RFtransmitter 157
9.2.1 RFamplifier with semiconductor 157
9.2.2 Vacuum tube type microwave generator/amplifier 162
9.3 RFrectifier 166
9.3.1 RFrectifier with semiconductor 166
9.3.2 Vacuum tube-type microwave rectifier 173
9.4 RFamplifier/rectifier withsemiconductor 174
References 174
10 Applicationsof coupling WPT for electric vehicle 177
Yukio Yokoi
10.1 Introduction 177
10.2 EV and charging 179
10.3 Conductive charging 180
10.4 Wireless charging 182
10.4.1 Field evaluation in Europe 182
10.4.2 Filed evaluation in Japan 184
10.4.3 Filed evaluation in Korea 186
10.4.4 Filed evaluation in China 188
10.5 Regulation and standardization for WPT 189
10.5.1 Japan 191
10.5.2 European standardsfor electricity supply 192
Contents ix
10.5.3 China 192
10.5.4 IEC/ISO and SAE 194
10.6 ITU activity onWPT; frequency allocation 197
10.6.1 2014: Approval of non-beam WPT report 197
10.7 Coexisting with other wirelessservice (CISPR) 198
10.8 Human safety; IEC TC106 and ICNIRP 199
10.9 WPT application for the future: dynamic charging for EV 200
References 203
11 Applicationsof long-distance wireless power transfer 205
Naoki Shinohara,Yoshiaki Narusueand YoshihiroKawahara
11.1 Introduction 205
11.2 Long-distance WPT in far field 207
11.2.1 Energy harvesting and scavenging 207
11.2.2 Ubiquitous WPT 212
11.3 Long-distance WPT in the radiative near field 217
11.4 Long-distance WPT in fielded field 223
11.5 Near-fieldWPT ina cavityresonator 224
References 225
12 Biological issueof electromagnetic fields andwaves 229
ShinKoyama
12.1 Introduction 229
12.2 Epidemiological studies 230
12.3 Animal studies 231
12.4 Cellular studies 232
12.4.1 Genotoxic effects 232
12.4.2 Nongenotoxic effects 239
12.5 Conclusions onIFand RFstudies 243
References 243
13 Impactof electromagnetic interference arising from wireless
powertransfer uponimplantable medical device 251
TakashiHikage
13.1 EMI studies onactive implantable medical devices 253
13.1.1 In vitro EMI measurement system for WPTSs 253
13.1.2 Operation conditions of the AIMD 257
13.1.3 Fundamental test procedure 258
13.1.4 Measurement results forWPTSexamples[45] 259
13.2 RF-induced heating of metal implants 264
Acknowledgment 265
References 265
Index 269