Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicles

268 Pages·2022·8.701 MB·English

by  Xi Zhang, Chong Zhu, Haitao Song

Key Technologies on New Energy Vehicles
Xi Zhang
Chong Zhu
Haitao Song
Wireless
Power Transfer
Technologies for
Electric Vehicles
Key Technologies on New Energy Vehicles
KeyTechnologiesonNewEnergyVehiclespublishesthelatestdevelopmentsinnew
energyvehicles-quickly,informallyandwithhighquality.Theintentistocoverall
the main branches of new energy vehicles, both theoretical and applied, including
butnotlimited:
(cid:129)
ControlTechnologyofDrivingSystem
(cid:129)
HybridElectricVehicleCouplingTechnology
(cid:129)
CrossDisciplinarydesignoptimizationtechnology
(cid:129)
SingleandGroupBatteryTechnology
(cid:129)
EnergyManagementTechnology
(cid:129)
LightweightTechnology
(cid:129)
NewEnergyMaterialsandDevice
(cid:129)
InternetofThings(IoT)
(cid:129)
CloudComputing
(cid:129)
3DPrinting
(cid:129)
VirtualRealityTechnologies
Withinthescopesoftheseriesaremonographs,professionalbooksorgraduatetext-
books,editedvolumes,andreferenceworkspurposelydevotedtosupporteducation
inrelatedareasatthegraduateandpost-graduatelevels.
Tosubmitaproposalorrequestfurtherinformation,pleasecontact:
Dr.MengchuHuang,SeniorEditor,AppliedSciences
Email:[email protected]
Tel:[phone]
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/16377
· ·
Xi Zhang Chong Zhu Haitao Song
Wireless Power Transfer
Technologies for Electric
Vehicles
XiZhang ChongZhu
ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity
Shanghai,China Shanghai,China
HaitaoSong
ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity
Shanghai,China
ISSN2662-2920 ISSN2662-2939 (electronic)
KeyTechnologiesonNewEnergyVehicles
ISBN978-981-16-8347-3 ISBN978-981-16-8348-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8348-0
JointlypublishedwithHuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyPress
TheprinteditionisnotforsaleinChina(Mainland).CustomersfromChina(Mainland)pleaseorderthe
printbookfrom:HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyPress.
©HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyPress2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublishers,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsofreprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,
reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageand
retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknown
orhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublishers,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishersnortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublishersremainneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Committee of Reviewing Editors
ChairmanoftheBoard
OuyangMinggao(TsinghuaUniversity)
ViceChairmanoftheBoard
WangJunmin(UniversityofTexasatAustin)
Members
MaFangwu(JilinUniversity)
WangJianqiang(TsinghuaUniversity)
AiXinping(WuhanUniversity)
LiKeqiang(TsinghuaUniversity)
YuZhuoping(TongjiUniversity)
ChenYong(HebeiUniversityofTechnology)
YinChengliang(ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity)
WangFeiyue(InstituteofAutomation,ChineseAcademyofSciences)
DengWeiwen(BeijingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics)
HuaLin(WuhanUniversityofTechnology)
WuChaozhong(WuhanUniversityofTechnology)
ChenHong(JilinUniversity)
YinGuodong(SoutheastUniversity)
HuangYunhui(HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology)
v
Foreword: New Energy Vehicles and New
Energy Revolution
The past two decades have witnessed the research and development (R&D) and
theindustrializationofChina’snewenergyvehicles.Reviewingthedevelopmentof
new energy vehicles in China, we can find that the “Tenth Five Year Plan” is the
period when China’s new energy vehicles began to develop and our nation started
to conduct organized R&D of the electric vehicle technology on a large scale; the
“EleventhFiveYearPlan”istheperiodwhenChina’snewenergyvehiclesshifted
frombasicdevelopmenttodemonstrationandexaminationastheMinistryofScience
andTechnologycarriedoutthekeyprojectthemedat“energysavingandnewenergy
vehicles”;theperiodofthe“TwelfthFiveYearPlan”isthedurationwhenChina’s
newenergyvehiclestransitionedfromdemonstrationandexaminationtothelaunch
of industrialization as the Ministry of Science and Technology organized the key
project of “electric vehicles”; the period of the “Thirteenth Five Year Plan” is the
stagewhenChina’snewenergyvehicleindustryrealizedtherapiddevelopmentand
upgradingastheMinistryofScienceandDevelopmentintroducedthelayoutofthe
keytechnologicalprojectconcerning“newenergyvehicles.”
Thedecadebetween2009and2018witnessedthedevelopmentofChina’snew
energyautomobileindustrystartingfromscratch.Theannualoutputofnewenergy
vehicles developed from zero to 1.27 million while the holding volume increased
from zero to 2.61 million, each of which occupied over 53% in the global market
and ranked first worldwide; the energy density of lithium-ion power batteries had
morethandoubledandthecostreducedbyover80%.In2018,sixChinesebattery
companieswereamongthetop10globalbatterybusinesses,withthefirstandthethird
asChina’sCATLandBYD.Inthemeanwhile,anumberofmultinationalautomobile
businessesshiftedtodevelopnewenergyvehicles.ThiswasthefirsttimeforChina
tosucceedindevelopinghigh-technologybulkcommoditiesforcivicuseonalarge
scale in the world, also leading the trend of the global automobile development.
Theyearof2020markedthelandmarkintheevolutionofnewenergyautomobile.
Besides,thisyearwasthefirstyearwhennewenergyvehiclesenteredfamiliesona
largescaleandthewatershedwherenewenergyvehiclesshiftedfrompolicy-driven
to market-driven development. This year also saw the successful wrapping up of
the mission in the Development Plan on Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicle
vii
viii Foreword:NewEnergyVehiclesandNewEnergyRevolution
Industry(2012–2020)andtheofficialreleaseofDevelopmentPlanonNewEnergy
VehicleIndustry(2021–2035).Attheendof2020,inparticular,PresidentXiJinping
proposed that China strove to achieve the goal typified by peak carbon dioxide
emissionsby2030andcarbonneutralby2060,soastoinjectgreatpowerintothe
sustainabledevelopmentofnewenergyvehicles.
Looking back to the past and looking forward to the future, we can see even
moreclearlythehistoricalpositionofthecurrentdevelopmentofnewenergyvehi-
cles in the energy and industrial revolution. As is known to us all, each and every
energyrevolutionstartedfromtheinventionofpowerinstallationsandtransportation
vehicles. On the other hand, the progress of power installations and transportation
vehiclescontributedtothedevelopmentandexploitationofenergyandledtoindus-
trialrevolution.Inthefirstenergyrevolution,steamenginewasusedasthepower
installation, with coal and train as energy and transportation, respectively. As for
the second energy revolution, internal combustion engine was taken as the power
installation,oilandnaturalgasasenergy,gasolineanddieselasenergycarrierand
automobile as the transportation vehicle. At the current stage of the third energy
revolution,allkindsofbatteriesarepowerinstallation,therenewableenergyasthe
subjectofenergyandelectricityandhydrogenasenergycarrierandelectricvehicles
as the means of transportation. In fact, the first energy revolution enabled the UK
to outperform the Netherlands while the second energy revolution made the USA
overtooktheUK,bothintermsoftheeconomicstrength.Thepresentenergyrevo-
lutionmaybetheopportunityforChinatocatchupwithandsurpassothernations.
HowabouttheFourthIndustrialRevolution?Inmyopinion,itisthegreenrevolu-
tionbasedonrenewableenergyandalsothesmartrevolutiononthebasisofdigital
network.
Fromtheperspectiveofenergyandindustrialrevolution,wecanfindthreerevo-
lutions closely related to the new energy vehicles: electrification of power—the
revolution of electric vehicles; low-carbon energy—the revolution of new energy;
systematicintelligence—therevolutionofartificialintelligence(AI).
First—electrificationofpowerandtherevolutionofelectricvehicles.
Theinventionoflithium-ionbatterytriggeredthetechnologicalrevolutioninthe
area of storage battery over the past 100 years. Viewed from the development of
powerbatteryandpowerelectronicdevice,theinvolvementofhighspecificenergy
batteryandhighspecificpowerelectricdrivesystemwouldcontributetotheplatform
developmentofelectricchassis.Thevolumepowerofthemachinecontrollerbasedon
new-generationpowerelectrictechnologyhasmorethandoubledto50kW.Infuture,
thevolumepowerofthehigh-speedandhigh-voltagemachinecanbenearlydoubled
to20kW,andthepowervolumeoftheautomobilewith100kWvolumepowercould
benomorethan10L.Withtheconstantdeclineofthevolumeoftheelectricpower
system, the electrification will lead to the platform and module development of
chassis,whichwillleadtoamajorchangeintermsofvehicledesign.Theplatform
developmentofelectricchassisandthelightweightofbodymaterialswillbringabout
thediversificationandpersonalizationoftypesofvehicles.Besides,thecombination
ofactivecollisionavoidancetechnologyandbodylightweighttechnologywillresult
inasignificantchangeinautomobilemanufacturingsystem.Therevolutionofpower
Foreword:NewEnergyVehiclesandNewEnergyRevolution ix
electrificationwillpromotethepopularityofnewenergyelectricvehiclesandwill
eventuallycontributetotheoverallelectrificationofthetransportationsector.China
Society of Automobile Engineers proposed the development goals of China’s new
energyvehiclesinthe2.0TechnologyRoadMapofEnergySavingandNewEnergy
Vehicles: The sales of new energy vehicles would reach 40% of the total sale of
vehiclesby2030;newenergyvehicleswouldbecomethemainstreamby2035with
itssaleaccountingforover50%ofthetotalsaleofvehicles.Intheforeseeablefuture,
electric locomotives, electric ships, electric planes and other types will become a
reality.
Second—low-carbonenergyandnewenergyrevolution.
IntheStrategyonEnergyProductionandConsumptionRevolution(2016–2030)
jointly issued by National Development and Reform Commission and National
Energy Administration, a target was proposed that the non-fossil energy would
accountforaround20percentoftotalenergyconsumptionby2030andover50%by
2050.Actually,therearefivepillarsaimedtorealizetheenergyrevolution:firstly,
thetransformationofrenewableresourcesandthedevelopmentofphotovoltaicand
windpowertechnologies;secondly,theenergysystemisshiftingfromcentralized
todistributeddevelopment,turningeverybuildingintoamicro-powerplant;thirdly,
thestorageofintermittentenergybywayofrelevanttechnologiessuchashydrogen
andbattery;fourth,thedevelopmentofenergy(electricpower)Internettechnology;
fifth,enablingelectricvehiclestobecometheendofenergyusage,energystorage
andenergyfeedback.Infact,China’sphotovoltaicandwindpowertechnologiesare
fullyqualifiedforlarge-scaledistribution,butenergystorageremainsabottleneck
whichneedstobesolvedbywayofbattery,hydrogenandelectricvehicles.Withthe
large-scalepromotionofelectricvehicles,alongwiththemixtureofelectricvehicles
andrenewableenergy,electricvehicleswillbecomethe“real”newenergyvehicles
utilizingtheentirechainofcleanenergy.Indoingso,itcouldbothsolvethepollution
andcarbonemissionproblemsofthevehicleitself,butcouldalsobeconduciveto
thecarbonemissionreductionoftheentireenergysystem,thusbringingaboutanew
energyrevolutionfortheentireenergysystem.
Third—intelligentdevelopmentofsystemandAIrevolution.
Electricvehicleshavethreeattributesoftraveltools,energydevicesandintelligent
terminals. Intelligent and connected vehicles (ICVs) will restructure the industrial
chain and value chain of vehicles. Software defines vehicles while data determine
value.Thetraditionalvehicleindustrywillbetransformedintoahigh-techindustry
leadingtheAIrevolution.Inthemeanwhile,letustakealookattheInternetconnec-
tionandthefeatureofsharingregardingvehicles,among“fournewattributes,”from
theperspectivesofbothintelligenttravelrevolutionandthenewenergyrevolution:
Foronething,theconnotationoftheInternetpaysequalattentiontotheInternetof
vehicleinformationandtheInternetofmobileenergy.Foranother,theconnotation
of sharing lays equal emphasis on sharing travel and energy storage information.
And both stationery and running electric vehicles can be connected to the mobile
energyInternet,finallyrealizingafullinteraction(V2G,VehicletoGrid).Aslong
as the energy storage scale of distributed vehicles is large enough, it will become
thecorehubofintelligenttransportationenergy,namelythemobileenergyInternet.
x Foreword:NewEnergyVehiclesandNewEnergyRevolution
Intelligentchargingandvehicletogridwillmeetthedemandofabsorbingrenewable
energyfluctuations.By2035,China’sinventoryofnewenergyvehicleswillreach
about 100 million. At that time, the new energy vehicle-mounted battery power
willreachapproximately5billionkWh(kilowatt-hours)with2.5–5billionkWhas
the charging and discharging power. By 2035, the maximum installed capacity of
wind power and photovoltaic power generation will not surpass 4 billion kW. The
combinationofvehicle-mountedenergystoragebatteryandhydrogenenergycould
completelymeetthedemandofloadbalance.
Allinall,withtheaccumulationofexperienceoverthepasttwodecades,since
2001,China’selectricvehicleshave“shiftedtoanotherpathandledinthesectorof
newenergyvehicles”worldwide.Atthesametime,Chinacouldbuilditsadvantage
intermsofrenewableresourceswithAIleadingtheworld.Itcanbepredictedthatthe
periodbetween2020and2035willbeanewerawhentherevolutionofnewenergy
electricvehicles,therevolutionofrenewableenergyandtherevolutionofartificial
intelligencewillleapfroganddevelopinacoordinatedmannerandcreateaChinese
miraclefeaturingthestrategicproductandindustryofnewenergyintelligentelectric
vehicles. Focusing on one strategic product and sector, such three technological
revolutionsandthreeadvantageswillreleasehugepower,whichcouldhelprealize
thedreamofastrongvehiclenationandplayaleadingroleinalldirections.With
thehelpofsuchadvantages,Chinawillcreatealargeindustrialclusterwiththescale
of the main industry exceeding 10 trillion yuan and the scale of related industries
reachingtensoftrillionsofyuan.Thedevelopmentofnewenergyvehiclesatalarge
scalewillresultinanewenergyrevolution,whichwillbringearthshakingchangesto
thetraditionalvehicle,energyandchemicalindustry,thustrulyembracingthegreat
changesunseeninacenturysincethereplacementofcarriagesbyvehicles.
The technology revolution of new energy vehicle is advancing the rapid devel-
opmentofrelatedinterdisciplinesubjects.Fromtheperspectiveoftechnicalback-
ground, the core technology of energy saving and new energy vehicles—the new
energy power system technology–remains the frontier technology at the current
stage.In2019,ChinaAssociationforScienceandTechnologyreleased20keyscien-
tific and engineering problems, two of them (electrochemistry of high energy and
densitypowerbatterymaterials,andhydrogenfuelbatterypowersystem)belonging
to the scope of new energy system technology; the report of Engineering Fronts
2019 publishedbyChineseAcademyofEngineeringmentionedthepowerbattery
4 times, fuel battery 2 times, hydrogen energy and renewable energy 4 times as
well as electricity-driven/hybrid electric-driven system 2 times. Over the past two
decades,Chinahasaccumulatedplentyofnewknowledge,newexperienceandso
manymethodsduringtheresearchanddevelopmentregardingnewenergyvehicles.
The“researchseriesofkeytechnologiesonenergysavingandnewenergyvehicles”
arebasedonChinesepracticeandtheinternationalfrontier,aimingtoreviewChina’s
researchanddevelopmentachievementsonenergysavingandnewenergyvehicles,
meettheneedsoftechnologicaldevelopmentconcerningChina’senergysavingand
newenergyvehicles,reflectthekeytechnologyresearchtrendofinternationalenergy
savingandnewenergyvehiclesandpromotethetransformationandapplicationof
key technologies as regards China’s energy saving and new energy vehicles. The