Wireless positioning technologies and applications

419 Pages·2016·6.289 MB·English

by  Bensky, Alan

Wireless Positioning
Technologies and Applications
Second Edition
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For a listing of recent titles in the
Artech House GNSS Technology and Applications Series,
turn to the back of this book.
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Wireless Positioning
Technologies and Applications
Second Edition
Alan Bensky
artechhouse.com
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-60807-951-3
Cover design by John Gomes
© 2016 Artech House
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of
this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks
have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this
information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity
of any trademark or service mark.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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In memory of
Professor Moe Bergman,
1916–2014
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Contents
Preface xiii
chAPTEr 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Fundamentals and Terms 1
1.1.1 Basic Measurements 2
1.1.2 Terms 3
1.2 Applications 4
1.2.1 Cellular Networks 5
1.2.2 Person and Asset Tracking 5
1.2.3 Wireless Network Security 6
1.2.4 Location-Based Advertising 6
1.2.5 Location Services for Vehicles and Traffic 6
1.2.6 New and Developing Wireless Location Applications and
Technologies 6
1.3 Overview of Distance Measurement and Location Methods 7
1.4 Organization of the Book 11
References 12
chAPTEr 2
Basic Principles and Applications 13
2.1 Signal Parameters 14
2.1.1 Time Resolution 14
2.1.2 Pulse Width and Duty Cycle 15
2.1.3 Bandwidth 15
2.1.4 Noise 18
2.1.5 Pulse Compression 20
2.2 Basics of Location 27
2.2.1 Rho-Theta 27
2.2.2 Theta-Theta or AOA 28
2.2.3 Rho-Rho or TOA 28
2.2.4 TDOA and Hyperbolic Curves 30
2.3 Errors and Accuracy Measures and Error Estimation 32
2.3.1 Statistical Measures of Accuracy 33
2.3.2 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) 34
2.4 Navigation Systems 37
2.4.1 DME 38
vii
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viii Contents
2.4.2 VOR 42
2.4.3 Loran-C 45
2.4.4 eLoran 50
2.4.5 DECCA 51
2.4.6 OMEGA 52
2.4.7 Transit 53
2.5 Conclusion 54
References 54
chAPTEr 3
Spread Spectrum and OFDM 57
3.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 58
3.1.1 Transmitter and Receiver Configurations for DSSS 58
3.1.2 DSSS Waveforms 60
3.1.3 Despreading and Correlation 61
3.1.4 Code Sequence Generation 63
3.1.5 Synchronization 65
3.1.6 Velocity Estimation 66
3.2 Acquisition 67
3.2.1 Code Acquisition 68
3.2.2 Carrier Acquisition 73
3.2.3 Code Rate Matching 74
3.2.4 Effect of Data Modulation on Acquisition 75
3.2.5 Radiometric Detection 75
3.3 Tracking 76
3.3.1 Carrier Tracking 76
3.3.2 Code Tracking 77
3.4 Measurement of Elapsed Time 81
3.4.1 One-Way Systems 81
3.4.2 Two-Way Systems 82
3.4.3 The Time Measurement Process 83
3.4.4 High-Resolution Elapsed Time-Measuring Receiver 85
3.4.5 Duplex and Half-Duplex Two-Way Ranging Examples 87
3.4.6 Sequence Length and Chip Period 91
3.5 Propagation Time Resolution 92
3.5.1 Tracking Accuracy and Noise 92
3.5.2 Multipath 94
3.5.3 Increased Range Resolution Using Carrier Phase 95
3.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 96
3.7 OFDM Synchronization 99
3.7.1 Correlation 99
3.7.2 802.11 Synchronization 101
3.8 LTE Principle of Operation 103
3.8.1 LTE Synchronization 105
3.8.2 LTE Positioning 106
3.9 Conclusion 111
References 111
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Contents ix
chAPTEr 4
Multicarrier Phase of Arrival 113
4.1 Principle of Multicarrier Phase Measurement 113
4.2 Phase Slope Method 114
4.3 Phase Error Versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio 118
4.4 Estimation of Distance Variance Versus SNR 121
4.5 Multipath 124
4.6 System Implementation 129
4.6.1 Phase Difference Measurements and Analogy to TDOA 131
4.6.2 Phase of Arrival in Passive Reflection Link 132
4.7 OFDM 134
4.7.1 The Basics of OFDM 134
4.7.2 OFDM Distance Measurement 137
4.7.3 Location Based on OFDM Distance Measurement 141
4.7.4 Resolution of OFDM Distance Measurement 143
4.8 Conclusion 144
References 145
chAPTEr 5
Received Signal Strength 147
5.1 Advantages and Problems in RSS Location 147
5.2 Propagation Laws 148
5.2.1 Free Space 148
5.2.2 Open Field 149
5.2.3 Logarithmic Approximation 150
5.2.4 Randomizing Term X 151
5.2.5 Outdoor Path Loss Versus Distance 152
5.2.6 Finding Range from Received Signal Strength 153
5.3 RSS Location Methods 154
5.3.1 RSS Location from Range Estimations 154
5.3.2 RSS Location Based on Database Comparison 155
5.4 Conclusion 166
References 167
chAPTEr 6
Time of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival 169
6.1 Time Transfer 170
6.1.1 Time Transfer Basics 170
6.1.2 Calibration Constants 172
6.1.3 Range Uncertainty 173
6.1.4 Uses of Two-Way Time Transfer 179
6.2 TOA Methods of Location 180
6.2.1 Overdetermined TOA Equation Solution 181
6.2.2 TOA Method in GPS Positioning 185
6.3 TDOA 189
6.3.1 TDOA Measurement Techniques 189
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