Table Of ContentWireless Networks
Xiaohua Tian
Xinyu Tong
Xinbing Wang
Wireless
Localization
Techniques
Wireless Networks
SeriesEditor
XueminShermanShen,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,ON,Canada
The purpose of Springer’s Wireless Networks book series is to establish the state
of the art and set the course for future research and development in wireless
communication networks. The scope of this series includes not only all aspects
of wireless networks (including cellular networks, WiFi, sensor networks, and
vehicular networks), but related areas such as cloud computing and big data.
The series serves as a central source of references for wireless networks research
and development. It aims to publish thorough and cohesive overviews on specific
topics in wireless networks, as well as works that are larger in scope than survey
articles and that contain more detailed background information. The series also
providescoverageofadvancedandtimelytopicsworthyofmonographs,contributed
volumes,textbooksandhandbooks.
Xiaohua Tian (cid:129) Xinyu Tong (cid:129) Xinbing Wang
Wireless Localization
Techniques
XiaohuaTian XinyuTong
ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity TianjinUniversity
Shanghai,China Tianjin,China
XinbingWang
ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity
Shanghai,China
ISSN2366-1186 ISSN2366-1445 (electronic)
WirelessNetworks
ISBN978-3-031-21177-5 ISBN978-3-031-21178-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21178-2
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Preface
Location service is a prerequisite for numerous IoT applications. While most
modernmobiledevicesareequippedwithglobalnavigationsatellitesystem(GNSS)
receivers,thesatellitesystem–basedlocationservicecouldbeunavailableincertain
circumstances, for example, in indoor spaces and “urban canyon” areas, where
the satellite signals could be blocked by walls and buildings. It is, therefore,
necessary to perform localization with other technical means, which are supposed
to meet the following needs: (1) universality—can use commercial off-the-shelf
(COTS)devicesforlocalizationwithouthardwaremodification;(2)effectiveness—
canprovideserviceswithcertainaccuracyandreliability;(3)deployability—canbe
easilydeployedwithexistinginfrastructureandlimitedinvestments.
Wireless localization can be a very appropriate candidate solution, which
estimates a wireless terminal’s location by analyzing features of wireless commu-
nicationsignals,suchasWi-Fi,LTE,andBLE.Thistechniquehasbeenattracting
interestfrombothacademiaandindustrysincethepastdecades;however,mostof
the research work has been conducted empirically, that is, observing experimental
resultsandphenomena,thencomingupwithanewidea,andthenverifyingthenew
ideawithexperimentsagain.Asystematictheoreticalstudyhasbeenlongpending.
Answerstosomefundamentalissuesofthewirelesslocalizationtechniquearestill
unknown.
Inthisbook,weprovidesystematictheoreticalstudiesanddesignapproachesfor
wirelesslocalizationsystems,whichtentativelyanswerthefollowingfundamental
questions:
(1) Howgoodthewirelesslocalizationsystemcouldpossiblyachieve?
(2) Howthesystemcouldscaleupwiththenumberofuserstobeserved?
(3) Howtomakekeydesigndecisionsinimplementingthesystem?
(4) Howtomitigatehumaneffortsindeployingthewirelesslocalizationsystem?
Such theoretical insights could help researchers and engineers understand the
essenceofwirelesslocalizationmethodologyanddeveloppracticalsystems.
We hope this book can help in advancing research and the practice of wireless
localization.Thisbookisprimarilyintendedforanyonewhowantstolearnwireless
v
vi Preface
localizationtechnology.Itisanidealguidebookforstudentsorbeginnerswhoare
the first to walk into this area, as well as professionals, engineers, and researchers
workinginrelatedfields.
Shanghai,China XiaohuaTian
Tianjin,China XinyuTong
Shanghai,China XinbingWang
Introduction
Wirelesslocalizationisatechniqueusedtoestimateawirelessterminal’slocation
byutilizingcharacteristicsofwirelesscommunicationsignals,suchasWi-Fi,LTE,
and BLE. This technique has been attracting interest from both academia and
industry since the past decades; however, most of the research work has been
conducted using the methodology of “empirical study.” A systematic theoretical
study on the topic has been long pending. In this book, we present a systematic
theoretical study of the wireless localization technique. Guided by theoretical
results, we will provide design approaches for improving performance of the
localizationsystemandmakingitsdeploymentmoreconvenient.
vii
Contents
1 WhyandWhat?.............................................................. 1
1.1 WirelessLocalization................................................... 1
1.1.1 WhyNotGPS?.................................................. 1
1.1.2 WhatIsWirelessLocalization?................................ 2
1.1.3 IssuestoBeStudiedintheBook............................... 2
1.2 BackgroundandLiteratureReview .................................... 3
1.2.1 EarlyLocalizationSystem ..................................... 3
1.2.2 MobileCrowdsensingandWi-FiFingerprints ................ 4
1.2.3 TheAccuracyofRSSILocalization........................... 6
1.2.4 TheoreticalAnalyses ........................................... 7
1.2.5 FromRSSItoCSI .............................................. 7
2 TheoreticalModelforRSSLocalization .................................. 11
2.1 RadioPropagationModel............................................... 11
2.1.1 TheoreticalModel .............................................. 11
2.1.2 ChallengesandMotivations.................................... 12
2.2 AccuracyandReliabilityAnalysis .................................... 13
2.2.1 SystemModel................................................... 13
2.2.2 LocalizationinOne-DimensionalSpace ...................... 16
2.2.3 LocalizationinTwo-DimensionalSpace ...................... 20
2.2.4 BestStrategyforLocationDetermination..................... 24
2.2.5 ImpactonLocalizationinOne-DimensionalSpace........... 29
2.2.6 ImpactonLocalizationinTwo-DimensionalSpace .......... 36
2.2.7 ExperimentalResults........................................... 38
2.3 ScalabilitywiththeCollocationofMeasurementPoints ............. 41
2.3.1 Case1:RegularCollocation.................................... 41
2.3.2 RandomCollocation............................................ 51
2.3.3 AsymmetricalDistribution..................................... 55
2.3.4 Simulation....................................................... 57
2.4 ScalabilitywiththeNumberofUsers.................................. 59
2.4.1 ProblemFormulation........................................... 59
ix
x Contents
2.4.2 LocalizationReliabilityWithoutBlockage.................... 62
2.4.3 LocalizationReliabilityDeteriorationbyBlockage........... 65
2.4.4 NumberofImpactedAccessPointsw.r.t.Numberof
Users............................................................. 72
2.4.5 MainResults.................................................... 75
2.4.6 EvaluationsofMainResults ................................... 75
2.5 TheoreticalGuidanceonFingerprintsReportingStrategy............ 80
2.5.1 SystemModel................................................... 81
2.5.2 Analysis of Optimal Strategy for Fingerprints
Reporting ....................................................... 82
2.5.3 ApplicationsoftheBestStrategy.............................. 95
2.5.4 PerformanceEvaluation........................................ 101
2.6 TheoreticalGuidanceonOptimizingLocalizationAccuracy ........ 104
2.6.1 TheoreticalModelofLocationEstimation ................... 105
2.6.2 Analysisof2DTemporalCorrelationfor1DLocalization... 107
2.6.3 Asymptotic Equivalent Region of E in
High-DimensionalScenarios................................... 113
2.6.4 LocationEstimationFacilitatedbyTemporalCorrelation.... 122
2.6.5 LocalizationEstimationAlgorithm............................ 123
2.6.6 ExperimentalResults........................................... 124
3 TheoreticalModelforCSILocalization................................... 129
3.1 SystemModel........................................................... 129
3.1.1 SignalModel.................................................... 129
3.1.2 ProblemFormulation........................................... 130
3.1.3 Challenges....................................................... 131
3.2 CRBAnalysisinFrequencyDomain .................................. 132
3.2.1 ParameterAnalysiswithSingleAntenna...................... 133
3.2.2 ParameterEstimationwithAntennaArray.................... 134
3.2.3 CRBforLocationEstimation.................................. 136
3.3 AsynchronizationAnalysis............................................. 138
3.3.1 ParameterEstimationOverSingleAntenna................... 139
3.3.2 ParameterEstimationOverMultipleAntennas ............... 140
3.4 InsightintoCSIApproach.............................................. 142
3.5 ExperimentalResults ................................................... 147
3.5.1 AsynchronizationErrorBound................................. 147
3.5.2 AntennaArrayDesign.......................................... 149
3.5.3 PracticalLocalizationPerformance............................ 150
4 RSSLocalizationforLarge-ScaleDeployment........................... 155
4.1 OnlinePricingMechanismforCrowdsensingLocalizationData .... 155
4.1.1 SystemModel................................................... 155
4.1.2 QualityEvaluationofFingerprints ............................ 158
4.1.3 Quality-AwareOnlinePricingMechanismDesign ........... 163
4.1.4 DataPricingwithBudgetConstraints ......................... 166
4.1.5 ExperimentalResults........................................... 171
