Wireless Communications and Networking for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

295 Pages·2020·7.607 MB·English

by  Walid Saad , Mehdi Bennis , Mohammad Mozaffari , Xingqin Lin

WirelessCommunicationsandNetworkingforUnmannedAerialVehicles
AthoroughtreatmentofUAVwirelesscommunicationsandnetworkingresearchchal-
lenges and opportunities. Detailed, step-by-step development of carefully selected
research problems that pertain to UAV network performance analysis and optimiza-
tion,physicallayerdesign,trajectoryandpathplanning,resourcemanagement,multiple
access,cooperativecommunications,standardization,control,andsecurityisprovided.
Featuringdiscussionofpracticalapplicationsincludingdronedeliverysystems,public
safety,IoT,virtualreality,andsmartcities,thisisanessentialtoolforresearchers,stu-
dents, and engineers interested in broadening their knowledge of the deployment and
operationofcommunicationsystemsthatintegrateorrelyonunmannedaerialvehicles.
WalidSaadisaprofessorofElectricalandComputerEngineeringatVirginiaTechand
anIEEEFellow.
MehdiBennisisanassociateprofessorattheUniversityofOulu,Finland.
MohammadMozaffariisanexperiencedresearcheratEricsson,USA.
XingqinLinisaseniorresearcheratEricsson,USA.
“Thisbook,writtenbythemostprominentexpertsinthefield,providesacompletein-
depthanalysisofUAVwirelesscommunications.Itshouldbecomeareferencematerial
for all the students, engineers, and researchers who are building our next-generation
wirelesscommunicationnetworks.”
MerouaneDebbah,CentraleSupélec
“Thisisthemostcomprehensivebookontherapidlyevolvingfieldofwirelesscommu-
nications and networking for UAVs. The authors are among the researchers who have
madethemostprofoundcontributionstothisemergingfield.Theirimpressivecommand
ofthesubjectmatterresultsinathoroughpresentationtakingtheory,practice,andindus-
trialstandardsintoaccount.Amust-readforresearchersandengineersworkinginthis
field.”
HalimYanikomeroglu,CarletonUniversity
Wireless Communications
and Networking for Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles
WALID SAAD
VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity
MEHDI BENNIS
UniversityofOulu,Finland
MOHAMMAD MOZAFFARI
EricssonResearchSiliconValley
XINGQIN LIN
EricssonResearchSiliconValley
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA
477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia
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79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108480741
DOI:10.1017/9781108691017
(cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2020
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2020
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Saad,Walid,author.|Bennis,Mehdi,author.|Mozaffari,Mohammad,
1989–author.|Lin,Xingqin,1987–author.
Title:Wirelesscommunicationsandnetworkingforunmannedaerialvehicles/
WalidSaad,MehdiBennis,MohammadMozaffari,andXingqinLin.
Description:Firstedition.|NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2020.
|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2019043875(print)|LCCN2019043876(ebook)
|ISBN9781108480741(hardback)|ISBN9781108691017(ebook)
Subjects:LCSH:Droneaircraft–Controlsystems.|Droneaircraft–Computer
networks.|Wirelesscommunicationsystems.
Classification:LCCTL685.35.S2332020(print)|LCCTL685.35(ebook)
|DDC629.135–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019043875
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019043876
ISBN978-1-108-48074-1Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
WalidSaad:
ToMary,Karim,Raphael,andeveryonewhobelievestheskyisnotthelimit
MehdiBennis:
Tomybelovedfamily
MohammadMozaffari:
Tomyfamily
XingqinLin:
Thisbookisdedicatedtomygrandfatherandfather,ZuojiaoLinandYuluanLin,
withlove

Contents
Acknowledgments pagexii
1 Wireless Communications and Networking with Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles:AnIntroduction 1
1.1 BriefEvolutionofUAVTechnology 1
1.2 UAVTypesandRegulations 2
1.2.1 ClassificationofUAVs 3
1.2.2 UAVRegulations 4
1.3 WirelessCommunicationsandNetworkingwithUAVs 5
1.3.1 UAVsasFlyingWirelessBaseStations 6
1.3.2 UAVsasWirelessNetworkUserEquipment 8
1.3.3 UAVsasRelays 9
1.4 SummaryandBookOverview 10
2 UAVApplicationsandUseCases 12
2.1 UAVsforPublicSafetyScenarios 12
2.2 UAV-AssistedGroundWirelessNetworksforInformation
Dissemination 13
2.3 Three-Dimensional MIMO and Millimeter-Wave Communication
withUAVs 14
2.4 DronesinInternetofThingsSystems 16
2.5 UAVsforVirtualRealityApplications 16
2.6 DronesinWirelessBackhaulingforGroundNetworks 18
2.7 Cellular-ConnectedUAVUEs 19
2.8 UAVsinaSmartCity 20
2.9 ChapterSummary 21
3 AerialChannelModelingandWaveformDesign 22
3.1 FundamentalsofRadioWavePropagationandModeling 23
3.2 OverviewofAerialWirelessChannelCharacteristics 27
3.3 Large-ScalePropagationChannelEffects 30
3.3.1 Free-SpacePathLoss 30
3.3.2 RayTracing 31
3.3.3 Log-DistancePathLossModels 37
3.3.4 EmpiricalPathLossModels 40
viii Contents
3.3.5 Shadowing 42
3.3.6 Line-of-SightProbability 44
3.3.7 AtmosphericandWeatherEffects 50
3.4 Small-ScalePropagationEffects 51
3.4.1 TimeSelectivityandDopplerSpread 52
3.4.2 FrequencySelectivityandDelaySpread 54
3.4.3 SpatialSelectivityandAngularSpread 56
3.4.4 EnvelopeandPowerDistributions 58
3.5 WaveformDesign 60
3.5.1 WaveformBasics 60
3.5.2 OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing 62
3.5.3 DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum 64
3.5.4 ContinuousPhaseModulation 65
3.6 ChapterSummary 67
4 PerformanceAnalysisandTradeoffs 68
4.1 UAVNetworkModeling:ChallengesandTools 68
4.2 DownlinkPerformanceAnalysisforUAVBS 70
4.2.1 SystemModel 70
4.2.2 NetworkwithaStaticUAV 73
4.2.3 MobileUAVBSScenario 79
4.2.4 RepresentativeSimulationResults 83
4.3 ChapterSummary 89
5 DeploymentofUAVsforWirelessCommunications 90
5.1 AnalyticalToolsforUAVDeployment 91
5.1.1 CentralizedOptimizationTheory 91
5.2 DeploymentofUAVBSsforOptimizedCoverage 94
5.2.1 DeploymentModel 94
5.2.2 DeploymentAnalysis 96
5.2.3 RepresentativeSimulationResults 99
5.2.4 Summary 100
5.3 DeploymentofUAVBSsforEnergy-EfficientUplinkDataCollection 100
5.3.1 SystemModelandProblemFormulation 101
5.3.2 Ground-to-AirChannelModel 102
5.3.3 ActivationModelofIoTdevices 102
5.3.4 UAVBSPlacementandDeviceAssociationwithPowerControl 103
5.3.5 UpdateTimeAnalysis 106
5.3.6 RepresentativeSimulationResults 107
5.3.7 Summary 111
5.4 ProactiveDeploymentwithCaching 112
5.4.1 Model 112
5.4.2 OptimalDeploymentandContentCachingforUAVBSs 116
Contents ix
5.4.3 RepresentativeSimulationResults 118
5.4.4 Summary 122
5.5 ChapterSummary 122
6 Wireless-AwarePathPlanningforUAVNetworks 123
6.1 NeedforWireless-AwarePathPlanning 123
6.2 Wireless-Aware Path Planning for UAV UEs: Model and Problem
Formulation 124
6.2.1 ProblemFormulation 126
6.3 Self-OrganizingWireless-AwarePathPlanningforUAVUEs 128
6.3.1 PathPlanningasaGame 128
6.3.2 EquilibriumoftheUAVUEPathPlanningGame 130
6.4 DeepReinforcementLearningforOnlinePathPlanningandResource
Management 131
6.4.1 DeepESNArchitecture 131
6.4.2 DeepESN-BasedUAVUEUpdateRule 133
6.4.3 DeepRLforWireless-AwarePathPlanning 134
6.5 RepresentativeSimulationResults 136
6.6 ChapterSummary 144
7 ResourceManagementforUAVNetworks 145
7.1 Cell Association in UAV-Assisted Wireless Networks under Hover
TimesConstraints 145
7.1.1 SystemModel 146
7.1.2 OptimalandFairCellPartitioningforDataServiceMaximization
underHoverTimeConstraints 149
7.1.3 ExtensiveSimulationsandNumericalResults 153
7.1.4 Summary 158
7.2 Resource Planning and Cell Association for 3D Wireless Cellular
Networks 159
7.2.1 ARigorousModelfor3DCellularNetworks 159
7.2.2 3D Deployment of a Cellular Network with UAV BSs:
ATruncatedOctahedronStructure 161
7.2.3 Latency-Minimal3DCellAssociation 164
7.2.4 RepresentativeSimulationResults 166
7.2.5 Summary 168
7.3 ManagingLicensedandUnlicensedSpectrumResourcesinWireless
NetworkswithUAVs 169
7.3.1 ModelofanLTE-UUAVBSNetwork 170
7.3.2 ModelsforDataRatesandQueuing 172
7.3.3 ResourceManagementProblemFormulationandSolution 174
7.3.4 RepresentativeSimulationResults 176
7.3.5 Summary 179
7.4 ChapterSummary 180