Table Of ContentWireless Communication
Standards
A Study of IEEE 802.1V, 802.15", and
M
802.16
Todor Cooklev
<MEEE
Published by
Standards Information Network
IEEE Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cooklev, Todor, 1966-
Wireless communication standards : a study of IEEE 802.11, 802.15, and 802.16/Todor Cooklev.
p. cm.
includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN0-7381-4066-X
1. IEEE 802.11 (Standard) 2. wireless communication systems—Standards. I. Title.
TK5105.5668.C66 2004
621.382-dc22
2004054876
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Wireless Communication Standards iii
Trademarks
3Com is a registered trademark of 3Com Corporation (www.3com.com/).
Bluetooth is a registered trademark of Bluetooth SIG, Inc.(www.bluetooth.org/).
Cisco is a registered trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc. (www.cisco.com/).
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ZibBee Alliance is a trademark of Philips Corporation (www.zigbee.org/).
IV Wireless Communication Standards
Dedication
To my wife Didi and my son Steven
Wireless Communication Standards v
Acknowledgment
A project like this book cannot be accomplished without the help of others, whom
I would like to publicly acknowledge here. First, it has been personally and
professionally rewarding to work with the many outstanding professionals within
IEEE 802®. Second, I would like to acknowledge those I have worked closely
with in industry over the years. I have gained substantially from interaction with
former colleagues and friends Marcos Tzannes and Colin Lanzl. I want to also
acknowledge former colleagues and friends Kurt Dobson, Dirk Ostermiller,
Sy Prestwich, and Dr. Kevin Smart. I want to thank Dr. Gheorghe Berbecel for his
friendship and the many stimulating discussions. I am also thankful to Victor
Mozarowski for his friendship and discussions. I want to also acknowledge
Dr. M. Sablatash for the interaction I have had with him over the years.
I want to thank also all of my friends. And last, but not least, I am thankful to my
family, since they have made what I have achieved possible.
I am also grateful to Jennifer Longman from the IEEE Standards Information
Network/IEEE Press for her work and above all for her patience during this
two-year project.
I acknowledge Stefano Iachella for proof-reading the text.
I want to acknowledge specifically the anonymous reviewers from the IEEE for
their constructive criticism of the completely inadequate first draft. They should
be credited with all the improvements.
I am particularly indebted to the following people: Dr. Steve Halford, Globespan
Virata, Palm Bay, FL; Dr. John Kowalski, Sharp Laboratories of America, Camas,
WA; Dr. Martin Haenggi, University of Notre Dame, IN; and Dr. Sean Coffey,
Texas Instruments, Santa Rosa, CA, for reviewing the manuscript and for their
detailed comments.
VI Wireless Communication Standards
Author
Todor Cooklev has been with San Francisco
State University since 2002 where he teaches
courses and conducts research in the area of
wireless communications. During 1999-2002
he was with Aware, Inc. of Bedford, MA and
Lafayette, CA. Prior to joining Aware he was
with US Robotics, later 3Com Corporation,
where he received the 3Com Inventor Award. In
addition to wireless communications, he has
worked in the area of voice band modems, DSL
technology, and digital signal processing. He
also has experience in consulting for
government organizations and private
technology and venture capital companies.
Dr. Cooklev has given a number of short courses, seminars, and invited talks and
has also made contributions to the IEEE 802.11, 802.15, and 802.16 families of
standards. He is a member of the IEEE Standards Association and has served the
IEEE in a number of volunteer capacities. He is also on the Advisory Board of the
IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications.
He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Tokyo Institute of
Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 1995, and also received a NATO Science
Fellowship Award in that same year. He is the inventor on several patents in the
United States and author of a number of publications in the areas of
communication systems, protocols, and signal processing.
Wireless Communication Standards Vll
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Overview 1
Government regulations 5
Recent regulatory changes 10
Future FCC directions 12
International Regulations 13
Standardization bodies 17
Wireless channels 24
Introduction to cryptographic algorithms 32
Design of a wireless communication standard 35
MAC requirements 36
PHY requirements 40
Sublayers of PHY and MAC 41
Chapter 2 The IEEE Standard for WLAN: IEEE 802.11 45
Overview and architecture 45
IEEE 802.11 security 49
Authentication 50
Privacy 58
Interaccess Point Protocol (IAPP) 66
Medium-access mechanism and real-time traffic over
IEEE 802.11 70
Enhancements in IEEE 802.1 le 81
Power-saving mechanism 94
IEEE 802.11 physical layers 96
DSSS PHY 97
IEEE 802.11b 98
IEEE 802.11a 103
IEEE 802.11g 113
viii Wireless Communication Standards
WLAN installation 117
IEEE 802.11 technology and business trends 125
Chapter 3 Standards for Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN) .133
Introduction 133
Comparing WPAN and WLAN 133
IEEE 802.15.1 135
IEEE 802.15.1 Physical layer 137
Baseband 139
LMP and L2CAP 162
Coexistence among wireless standards 164
Collaborative methods 168
Noncollaborative methods 170
Channel classification 174
PHY and MAC models 176
High-Rate WPAN 179
MAC layer 181
Physical layer for the 2.4 GHz ISM Band 195
Low-Rate WPAN 201
Overview and architecture 201
PHY Layer 204
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC 207
Coexistence issues involving IEEE 802.15.4 216
WPAN technology and business trends 218
Chapter 4 Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems . 225
MAC convergence sublayer 231
MAC common part sublayer 233
Network entry and initialization 238
Channel access and QoS 241
MAC security sublayer 248
Authentication 250
Data encryption with DES 255
MAC enhancements for 2-11 GHz operation 256
MAC enhancements for mesh systems 257
Advanced antenna systems (AAS) 261
Wireless Communication Standards ix
Automatic repeat request (ARQ) 265
DFS for license-exempt operation 267
MAC enhancements for OFDM and OFDMA PHYs 268
IEEE 802.16 physical layers 269
Physical layer for 10-66 GHz 270
Physical layers for 2-11 GHz operation 286
Coexistence 317
BWA business and technology trends 331
Chapter 5 Concluding Remarks 335
Bibliography 337
Glossary 351
Index 357
x Wireless Communication Standards
