Table Of ContentWireless and Mobile Networking
Mahbub Hassan
School of Computer Science and Engineering
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
First edition published 2022
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ISBN: 978-0-367-48735-5 (hbk)
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DOI: 10.1201/9781003042600
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by Radiant Productions
Preface
Why this Book was Written
Our modern way of life is critically dependent on wireless and mobile
networking technology which enables citizens to communicate with each
other and access all types of information and services from anywhere
anytime. To meet the growing demand and diversified requirements of new
applications and services, wireless networking technology has advanced at
a rapid pace in recent years introducing many new features and concepts.
These developments range from adding new features to previous versions
of the technology to developing completely new paradigms for wireless
networking. While it is important for the next generation students to gain a
good understanding of these latest developments, it is rare to find a text that
covers them in a compact form. This book fills this gap by covering not only
the latest developments in Bluetooth, WiFi, and Cellular networks, but also
the emerging wireless networking paradigms including Internet of Things
(IoT) networking with LoRa, Artificial Intelligence (AI) assisted wireless
networking, wireless sensing with WiFi and millimeter wave radars, and
aerial networking with drones. Presenting the fundamental wireless concepts
in a less mathematically intensive manner is another key feature of this book,
which makes it accessible to readers from a wide range of backgrounds.
Who can Benefit from this Book
This book would be an ideal text for a one semester course on Wireless and
Mobile Networking suitable for both undergraduate students in their 3rd or 4th
year and postgraduate students from a range of disciplines including Computer
Science, Information Technology, Information Systems, Mechatronics, and
Electrical Engineering. Instructors using the book as a text for classroom
teaching can obtain from the author power point slide decks as well as
additional multiple-choice questions for each chapter. Professionals working
in the industry as well as hobbyists can use the book to keep themselves abreast
with the latest developments in popular and emerging wireless networking
technologies.
iv Wireless and Mobile Networking
Organization of the Book
The book is organized into six parts including the first one that introduces the
book. Part II is a review of the fundamentals of wireless communications that
are critical to understand the wireless technologies covered in the rest of the
book. These fundamental wireless concepts are explained without resorting
to intensive mathematics, which makes them accessible to readers from a
wide range of background. Chapter 2 covers the basic theories of coding and
modulation, which is the fundamental technique to map digital information
to the underlying signal so that a receiver can retrieve the information from the
signal using appropriate decoder and demodulator, while Chapter 3 explains
the fundamentals of wireless signal propagation.
Part III covers WiFi, which is one of the most widely used wireless
networking technologies today, especially for indoor and local area applications.
WiFi has been primarily used as a networking technology for enterprise and
residential domains, as well as connecting personal mobile devices, such as
mobile phones, tablets, laptops, etc., to the Internet in homes, cafes, airports,
and university campuses. These mainstream WiFi predominantly used the
ISM bands 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, with the new versions aiming to use the
6 GHz band. In addition to these mainstream WiFi, IEEE has also released
several 802.11 amendments that target some niche applications. These niche
WiFi standards operate outside the mainstream bands, both at the very low
end of the spectrum, i.e., below 1 GHz, as well as at the very high end, i.e.,
60 GHz. For example, 802.11af is targeting the exploitation of 700 MHz
spectrum recently vacated by TV stations due to their digitization, 802.11ah
using 900 MHz to connect emerging Internet of Things operating at low
power, and 802.11ad/ay at 60 GHz to support multi-gigabit applications at
short range. To systematically cover these developments, this part breaks the
treatment of WiFi into three chapters. Chapter 4 covers the basics of WiFi
that are common to all WiFi versions. Chapter 5 covers the mainstream
WiFi, while Chapter 6 focuses on niche WiFi.
Part IV is dedicated to cellular networks, which are designed to provide
wide area coverage to both static and mobile users. Cellular network is the
oldest communications network technology, which has now gone through
several generations of evolution with the fifth generation currently being
deployed. Chapter 7 covers the fundamental concepts of cellular networks with
a brief examination of the advancements brought forth by each generation up
to the fourth. While the previous four generations mainly sought to improve
the data rate and capacity of the cellular systems, 5G is designed to improve
several other aspects of communications and connectivity beyond the data
rates. Chapter 8 discusses the new applications promised by 5G and some of
the key networking technologies behind them.
Preface v
Part V is devoted to Internet of Things (IoT), which is an emerging
networking paradigm to connect all types of objects to the Internet,
making it possible to digitize every phenomenon and processes of interest.
Chapter 9 introduces IoT discussing the business opportunities and the recently
standardized wireless networking technologies to support the need of IoT.
Chapter 10 explains Bluetooth, the oldest and the most pervasive technology
to connect a wide range of devices and ‘things’ around us. This chapter covers
its history, markets, and applications, followed by the core technologies behind
the three generations of Bluetooth including versions 5.0 and 5.3. Pervasive
IoT deployments demand low-power wide area networking (LPWAN) solutions
that can connect hundreds of thousands of sensors and ‘things’ over a large area
with minimal infrastructure cost. While Bluetooth is certainly low-powered,
it works only for short ranges. Cellular networks are designed for wide area
coverage, but they consume too much power which requires large batteries
and frequent battery recharging for the end nodes. Consequently, there is a
significant momentum in standardizing new networking solutions for LPWAN.
New developments are emerging from both cellular and WiFi standard bodies,
i.e., from the 3GPP and IEEE/WiFi-alliance, respectively, to fill this gap, but
there is a third momentum that is proving very successful. It is called LoRa
Alliance (LoRa stands for long range), which is an industry alliance committed
to accelerate the development and deployment of LPWAN networks.
Chapter 11 examines the details of the LoRa technology.
Part VI covers some of the latest developments in wireless and mobile
networking. As wireless networks get more and more complex to deal with the
ever-growing demand for capacity and quality of service, artificial intelligent
(AI) is being explored as a potential aid to wireless networking in the future.
Chapter 12 examines what, why, and how questions for AI in wireless. While
wireless has revolutionized mobile data communications, it also plays a major
role as a sensing technology. Recently, scientists are discovering techniques
to monitor human activities and even vital signs, such as heart and breathing
rates, simply by analyzing the wireless signals reflected by the human body.
These advancements have created the potential for wireless to penetrate the
growing mobile and IoT sensing market. Chapter 13 explains the working
principles of the popular wireless sensing tools and techniques targeted at the
IoT market. Finally, miniaturization of electronics has created an opportunity
to fit wireless communications equipment into the payload of various aerial
platforms such as drones and aerostats. Aerial wireless networks can be
deployed quickly and cost-effectively to provide coverage in remote areas
where terrestrial infrastructure is difficult to build, in disaster zones with
damaged cellular towers, and even in urban areas to absorb sudden peaks
in data traffic. The final chapter of the book, Chapter 14, examines options,
characteristics, and design considerations for such aerial wireless networks.
vi Wireless and Mobile Networking
Acknowledgements
This book could not be written without the caring mentorship and help from
Professor Raj Jain while the author spent his sabbatical at the Washington
University in Saint Louis. The author also acknowledges sabbatical leaves,
a.k.a. Special Studies Program, granted by the University of New South Wales.
Mahbub Hassan
Contents
Preface iii
Part I: Introduction
1. Wireless and Mobile Networking: From Past to Present 3
Part II: Physical Layer Fundamentals
2. Wireless Coding and Modulation 11
3. Wireless Signal Propagation 35
Part III: WiFi and Wireless Local Area Networks
4. WiFi Basics 59
5. Mainstream WiFi Standards 78
6. Niche WiFi 104
Part IV: Cellular Networks
7. Cellular Networks 141
8. 5G Networks 164
Part V: Internet of Things
9. Internet of Things 175
1 0. Bluetooth 187
11. LoRa and LoRaWAN 218
viii Wireless and Mobile Networking
Part VI: Next Frontiers in Wireless Networking
12. Artificial Intelligence-assisted Wireless Networking 233
1 3. Wireless Sensing 245
1 4. Aerial Wireless Networks 260
Index 271
Part I
Introduction
