Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary and Materials

1440 Pages·2017·9.318 MB·English

by  Peter A. Gerangelos, Nicholas Aroney, Simon Charles Evans, Sarah Louise Murray, Patrick Emerton, Adrienne Sarah Ackary Stone

WINTERTON’S
AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Commentary and Materials
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Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.
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Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.
WINTERTON’S
AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Commentary and Materials
General Editor
PETER A GERANGELOS BA LLB (Syd); LLM, PhD (UNSW)
Professor of Constitutional Law, The University of Sydney
NICHOLAS ARONEY BA (UNSW); LLB, LLM (UQ); PhD (Monash)
Professor of Constitutional Law, TC Beirne School of Law,
The University of Queensland
SIMONEVANSBScLLB(Syd);PhD(Cambridge)
.d Professor,MelbourneLawSchool,TheUniversityofMelbourne
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a AssociateProfessor,FacultyofLaw,MonashUniversity
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LAWBOOK CO. 2017
Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.
PublishedinSydneyby
ThomsonReuters(Professional)AustraliaLimitedABN64
058914668
19HarrisStreet,Pyrmont,NSW
First edition (Winterton, Lee, Glass, Thomson) 1999
Secondedition(Winterton,Lee,Glass,Thomson, 2007
Gerangelos)
Thirdedition(Gerangelos,Lee,Aroney,Evans,Murray, 2013
Emerton)
NationalLibraryofAustralia
Cataloguing-in-Publicationentry
Winterton,George,1946–2008,author.
Winterton’sAustralianfederalconstitutionallaw:commentaryandmaterials/PeterAGerangelos,
NicholasAroney,SarahMurray,SimonEvans,PatrickEmerton,AdrienneStone.
Fourthed.
ISBN:9780455239729(pbk.)
Includesbibliographyreferencesandindex.
Constitutionallaw—Australia.Constitutionalhistory--Australia.
342.94
©2017ThomsonReuters(Professional)AustraliaLimited
Thispublicationiscopyright.Otherthanforthepurposesofandsubjecttotheconditionsprescribedunderthe
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writtenpermission.Inquiriesshouldbeaddressedtothepublishers.
Alllegislativematerialhereinisreproducedbypermissionbutdoesnotpurporttobetheofficialorauthorised
.d version. It is subject to Commonwealth of Australia copyright. The Copyright Act 1968 permits certain
e
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ser sth cboyptyhetoAcbte,pmearmdeisbsiyonorshoonubldehbaelfsoofuaghptairnticwurliatrinpge.rRsoeqnu.Feostrsrsehporuolddubcetiosunbomripttuebdliocantliionneabtewyownwd.athga.gtopve.ramu/itctcead,
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Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.
FOREWORD
The Hon Stephen Gageler AC
Justice of the High Court ofAustralia
Constitutional law, Sir Robert Menzies remarked, is “a unique mixture of history, statutory
interpretation,andsomepoliticalphilosophy”(Menzies,AfternoonLight(1967),p320).
ThecolonialstatesmenwhoframedtheAustralianConstitutioninthefinaldecadeofthe19thcentury
wereconversantinpoliticalphilosophyandexperiencedinthepracticalworkingsofgovernment.All
ofthemhadparticipatedinresponsiblegovernmentintheforminwhichthatinstitutionhademerged
in the Australian Colonies in the preceding four decades, and many of them had a well-informed
appreciationofthesuccessesandfailureswhichhadoccurredoverthesameperiodwithinthefederal
systemsoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.TheConstitutionofthe“indissolubleFederalCommonwealth
under the Crown” which they framed, and to which the Australian people agreed before it was
enacted into law by the Imperial Parliament, was a considered blend of constitutional traditions,
peculiarlyadaptedbyAustralianstoAustralianconditions.
TheAustralianConstitutionasitsoemergedatthebeginningofthe20thcenturywasablueprintfora
system of national government which would afterwards develop its own distinctively Australian
identity. The young Robert Garran, then secretary to the drafting committee of the Australasian
National Convention, soon to become the first Secretary of Commonwealth Attorney-General’s
DepartmentandlatertobecomethefirstCommonwealthSolicitor-General,wroteofitinTheComing
Commonwealth (1897), p 185, that “the Constitution is much, it must not be supposed that it is
everything”.Heexplained:
Itis,initself,merelythemeanstoanend;merelythedeadmechanicalframeworkofnational
unity.Thelifeandsouloftheunionmustbebreathedintoitbythepeoplethemselves.When
a Constitution has been framed and adopted, the work ofAustralian union will have been
begun,notfinished.Thenationwillbeanation,notofclausesandsub-clauses,butofmen
.d
evre andwomen;andthedestinyofAustraliawillrestwiththeAustralianpeopleratherthanwith
se theAustralianConstitution.Theworknowinhand–themakingofaConstitution–isgreat
r sth andimportant;butitisthebeginningnottheend.
g
ir llA .d TostudyAustralianconstitutionallawinthe21stcenturyistostudythehistoryofournationfromits
e
tim inception.Itistodosothroughthelensoftherealcontroversieswhichhavefromtimetotimedivided
iL ytP a trheael-tnimatieobnyotrhesiHgnigifhicCanoturste,catnioinnsstiotufttiohnewnhaticiohnSiarnOdwwenhiDchixohnavneotfeadlle“nhafsoralwulatiymsaatdemriensiostleurteiodnthine
ilartsu lawasalivinginstrumentandnotasanabstractstudy”(Dixon,JestingPilate(2nded,1997),p254)
A and which has changed in its make-up and outlook as the make-up and outlook of the nation has
)lan changed.Itistorecognisethatthestructureofournationalgovernmentasthatstructurenowappears
o
isse cannotbefoundmerelyintheclausesandsub-clausesoftheConstitution.Constitutionallawistobe
forP found also in the outcomes of numerous forensic contests over more than a century of social and
( sre economicchangeandistheproductoftheideasofmanyminds–ideasthathavebeenforged,honed,
tu testedandsometimesabandonedinthecourseofthosecontests.
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sm Australian constitutional law, as the late GeorgeWinterton from whom this casebook takes its name
o
hT well recognised, is a subject to which teaching by the case method is therefore particularly well
.71 adapted.Accordingtotheprefaceofthefirstedition,GeorgeWinterton’saim,andthatofhisoriginal
0
2 © co-authors HP Lee,Arthur Glass and James Thomson, was “to analyse judicial reasoning, probe the
th ambit of principle and note the relevant political context through substantial commentary, notes,
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iryp questions and references to literature” in a book which “deliberately eschews any ideological
o
C perspective”.Thataimhasbeenmaintained,andhasbeenadmirablyrealised,throughoutsuccessive
editions of the book. The present edition, co-authored by NicholasAroney, Patrick Emerton, Simon
Evans,PeterGerangelos,SarahMurrayandAdrienneStone,isnoexception.
v
Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.
Winterton’sAustralianFederalConstitutionalLaw
This edition, the fourth, continues a tradition of open-ended academic inquiry and of academic
excellence.Withintopicschosenandarrangedwithevidentregardfortheirpracticalimportanceand
doctrinal unity, major themes are allowed to emerge though the cases themselves. Strengths and
weaknesses of competing views are drawn out by the commentary and questions. Secondary
referenceshavebeenabstractedandarehelpful,buthavebeenkepttoastrategicminimum.Primacy
hasappropriatelybeengiventotheprimarysources.
ThechangingauthorshipofWinteron’sAustralianFederalConstitutionLaw,itschangingcontentandits
essentialthematicunitythroughsuccessiveeditions,areametaphorforthesubject-matterwithwhich
itdeals,sensitivelyandthoroughlybutwithoutpretenceofeverbeingabletodosodefinitively.
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Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.
PREFACE
Thisbookisintendedprimarilyforteachingpurposes.Itthereforeendeavourstocoverthecasesand
materialsinvirtuallyanyAustralianFederalConstitutionalLawcourseandPublicLawcourse,without
muchexcess.Tothisend,severaladditionsandamendmentshavebeenmadetothepreviousedition.
This has been done by way of updating existing cases and materials more accurately to reflect the
current state of the law. The book has also enhanced the restructure undertaken in the previous
edition.
Theunderlyingphilosophyofthisbookremainsthatofitsoriginalauthors,thelateGeorgeWinterton,
HPLee,ArthurGlassandJamesThomson.Astheoriginalauthorsputit,thisbookaims:
tocovertheessentialtopicsinsomedetailbecausein-depthanalysisensuresgreaterinsight
intoconstitutionalprinciple,judicialreasoningandoverallassessmentoftheworkoftheHigh
Court.Thebookdeliberatelyeschewsanyideologicalperspective.Itseekstoanalysejudicial
reasoning, probe the ambit of principle and note the relevant political context through
substantial commentary, notes, questions and references to literature. Although intended
primarily for students, the work is addressed to a wider audience, especially in the
commentary and notes, and in the extensive Bibliography, included to assist advanced
students,scholars,judges,lawyersandotherresearchers.
Since the last edition of this book, there have been some changes to the team of authors.Adrienne
StonehastakenovertheresponsibilityforChapter11onImpliedRightsandFreedomsfromEmeritus
Professor HPLee (Monash University). Patrick Emerton has added Chapter 6 on ExternalAffairs and
Defencetohisauthorresponsibilities,alsotakingoverfromProfessorLee.
Theprimaryresponsibilityforthechaptersinthisbookarethereforeasfollows:
• NicholasAroney:Chapters1,12and14;
• PatrickEmerton:Chapter6andthesectionons51(xxxi)inChapter10;
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ser sth • PeterGerangelos:Chapters4,5,7,9and13;
gir llA • PeterGerangelosandSarahMurray:Chapter2;
.d • SarahMurray:Chapters8and10;
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tim • AdrienneStone:Chapter11.
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a TheauthorswishtoexpresstheirgratitudetoEmeritusProfessorHPLeeofMonashUniversityforhis
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rtsu veryconsiderableeffortsasanauthorofthisbookinitspreviouseditions.ProfessorLeewasanoriginal
A )la authorwiththelateGeorgeWinterton,theProfessorofConstitutionalLawintheUniversityofSydney,
n and continued as one until the third edition. His considerable efforts in the establishment of this
o
isse casebook, the excellence of his intellectual input into its substantive content, his influence in
fo
rP establishing its ethos of detailed examination of the cases and the law and its non-ideological
( sre perspective is hereby acknowledged. The present General Editor also acknowledges Professor Lee’s
tue most considerable efforts in supporting the editorial work and general organisation of this work. His
R
no encouragementandsupportisdeeplyappreciated.
sm
o
hT Professor Winterton sadly passed away after the publication of the second edition. By way of
.7
1 acknowledgementofhisinspirationforthedevelopmentofthisbook,andhisguidinginfluenceover
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© its underlying philosophy, method and rationale, as well as his very considerable efforts in its
thg publication, the Winterton name continues to appear in the title of this work: Winterton’sAustralian
iryp FederalConstitutionalLaw:CommentaryandMaterials.
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We would like to acknowledge also the very considerable efforts of those who provided us with
researchassistanceinboththesubstantivetextandthebibliography,inparticularSarahBradburyand
vii
Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.
Winterton’sAustralianFederalConstitutionalLaw
JoshuaQuinn-Watson.TheGeneralEditorwouldliketoacknowledgeinparticulartheextensiveefforts
ofSarahBradburywhoassistedintheeditingofthisbook,furtherresearchassistance,literaturereview
andoverallgeneraleditorialsupport.HewouldalsoliketoacknowledgetheDeanoftheUniversityof
SydneyLawSchool,ProfessorJoellenRiley,forhersupport,encouragementandforbearancewhilethe
final(verytime-consuming)editingandcompletionoftheworkwasbeingundertaken.
We acknowledge the very considerable support and encouragement of Mrs Rosalind Winterton, Dr
PeterWintertonandtheWintertonFamily,aswellasthatofeachofourrespectivefamilies.
WeareparticularlyindebtedtoLucasFrederickofThomsonReuterswithoutwhoseencouragement,
support, patience and guidance this fourth edition might not have been completed. We are also
indebted to the editorial team at Thomson Reuters for their patient and efficient work to ensure a
smoothcompletion.Theirwork,andtheworkofallpersonsatThomsonReuterswhoassistedthem,is
muchappreciated.
WeendorseProfessorGeraldGunther’sassessment,inthenintheditionofhisexcellentcasebook,that
“constitutionallawisanimportant,serious,endlesslyintriguingandconstantlyenjoyablesubject”.If
readers of this book find at least one of those adjectives apposite, our labours will not have been
entirelyinvain.
PETERAGERANGELOS
NICHOLASTARONEY
SARAHMURRAY
SIMONEVANS
PATRICKEMERTON
ADRIENNESTONE
May2017
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Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
...............................................................................................................................................
Foreword v
Preface............................................................................................................................................vii
TableofCases.................................................................................................................................. xi
TableofStatutes..........................................................................................................................xxxv
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Constitutional Fundamentals................................................................ 3
Chapter 2: States....................................................................................................... 69
Part II: The Executive Power of the Commonwealth
Chapter 3:The Executive Power of the Commonwealth and the Executive
Branch.................................................................................................. 189
Part III: The Legislative Power of the Commonwealth
Chapter 4: Inconsistency........................................................................................ 319
Chapter 5: Commerce and Corporations............................................................. 369
.d Chapter 6: ExternalAffairs and Defence............................................................. 491
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ser sth Chapter 7: Commonwealth Financial Powers..................................................... 555
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( sre Chapter 12: Intergovernmental Immunities....................................................... 957
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Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.
Winterton’sAustralianFederalConstitutionalLaw
Part V: Constitutional Interpretation
Chapter 14: Constitutional Interpretation........................................................ 1191
Appendix A: Justices of the High Court of Australia (Indicating the line of succession)........ 1285
Appendix B: Justices of the High Court of Australia (with biographical details).................... 1287
Index..................................................................... ..................................................................1293
The bibliography for this book is available from the Thomson Reuters estore at:
www.thomsonreuters.com.au.
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Peter, Gerangelos, et al. Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law: Commentary & Materials, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty
Limited, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5211402.
Created from usyd on 2021-02-24 05:52:06.