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WINNING HEARTS
AND VOTES
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WINNING
HEARTS
AND VOTES
Social Services and the
Islamist Political Advantage
Steven Brooke
CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON
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Copyright © 2019 by Cornell University
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts
thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the
publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East
State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu.
First published 2019 by Cornell University Press
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Brooke, Steven, 1980– author.
Title: Winning hearts and votes : social services and the Islamist political advantage /
Steven Brooke.
Description: Ithaca [New York] : Cornell University Press, 2019. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018026558 (print) | LCCN 2018028970 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781501730634 (pdf) | ISBN 9781501730641 (epub/mobi) |
ISBN 9781501730627 | ISBN 9781501730627 (cloth ; alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Jamiyat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin (Egypt) | Islam and politics—
Egypt. | Faith-based human services—Political aspects—Egypt. | Social service—
Political aspects—Egypt. | Egypt—Politics and government—20th century. |
Egypt—Politics and government—21st century.
Classification: LCC BP10.J383 (ebook) | LCC BP10.J383 B76 2019 (print) |
DDC 361.70962—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018026558
Cover illustration: Cartoon from the Islamic Medical Association’s pamphlet
series illustrating the importance of punctuality (Dūabtū al-Mauʿid) for medical
providers, no date.
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For Melissa and Calla
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Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Note on Transliteration xi
1. Social Services and Political Mobilization in
Nondemocratic Regimes 1
2. Middle-Class Provision, Reputation, and Electoral Success 21
3. Rebuilding the Brotherhood Brand 35
4. Inside the Islamist Advantage 57
5. The Political Geography of Islamist Social Service
Provision 78
6. Electing to Serve 102
7. Mohammed Morsi’s Machine 121
8. The Politics of Social Service Provision 135
Appendix 157
Notes 171
Works Cited 191
Index 209
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Acknowledgments
F amily, friends, and colleagues have supported me in various ways as I researched
and wrote this book. My parents, Linda and Tom, fostered in me a sense of
intellectual curiosity and provided constant encouragement over the years. My
brother Danny and his wife, Liz, ensured my work trips to Boston would be both
fun and productive. My in-laws, Ann and Frank Mason, have helped in ways large
and small, and I am grateful for their support. My wife, Melissa, has contributed
so much. She is such a happy diversion from the matters with which this book is
concerned, but without her love, patience, good humor, and sympathy I am sure
it could never have been written. Our daughter, Calla, is a joy, and I would like to
think that her inquisitiveness and love of adventure have helped focus my work.
J ason Brownlee has seen this project develop from its earliest iterations and
has unfailingly supported it at each step. His example as a mentor and social
scientist is a hard one to follow, but I look forward to trying. Tarek Masoud’s
interest in and enthusiasm for this project has been constant, and being able to
draw on his expertise and counsel has improved my work in innumerable ways.
Bob Leiken died before this book was published, but I like to think that he would
have been incredibly excited to read it and find his fingerprints on it. Marc Lynch
of the Project on Middle East Political Science has for over a decade encouraged
my development as a scholar, and I cannot thank him enough for it. Alaa Nabil
was my guide to all things Egypt and is a valued friend. Josh Stacher has always
been a welcome source of guidance on matters large and small.
The list of people who helped in various ways to produce this book is far too
long to mention here, but I’ll try. Thanks to Khalil al-Anani, Holger Albrecht,
Lauren Baker, Hala Bayoumi, Dina Bishara, Josh Blank, Nathan Brown, Dave
Buckley, Matt Buehler, Melani Cammett, Mary Casey, Janine Clark, Stephanie
Dahle, Zachary Elkins, Kim Guiler, Jamal Haidar, Ian Hartshorn, Kamal El-
Helbawy, Clement Henry, Amaney Jamal, Trevor Johnston, Kristen Kao, Neil
Ketchley, Cortni Kerr, Gabe Koehler-Derrick, Vickie Langohr, Xiaobo Lü, Phoebe
Luckyn-Malone, Ellen Lust, Peter Mandaville, Monica Marks, Quinn Mecham,
Kate Mertes, Rob Moser, Rich Nielsen, Liz Nugent, Sarah Parkinson, Henry Pascoe,
David Patel, Sumita Pahwa, Sarah Pennington, Amanda Rizkallah, Michael Rob-
bins, Bernard Rougier, Hesham Sallam, Jillian Schwedler, Jonah Schulhofer-Wohl,
Rachel Sternfeld, Tariq Thachil, and Carrie Wickham. Manu Abdo, Khaldoun
almousily, Imen Ameur, Grayson Buttler, Esraa Hanafy, Abdellatif El-Husseiny
ix
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x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
(JC), and Jess Martin all provided excellent research help over the course of
this project. A very special thanks to all those I interviewed, both in Egypt and
elsewhere.
A number of friends and colleagues graciously and minutely read the entire
manuscript at various stages, including Julie Chernov-Hwang, Shadi Hamid,
and Aaron Rock-Singer. Dan Corstange has been remarkably generous with his
time and insight, and this project is much the better for his involvement. Dan
Mc Cormack has probably suffered through more of my work than anyone else,
and for that alone he deserves special thanks.
A number of institutions provided research and financial support for the
project, including the U.S. Institute of Peace, the Project on Middle East Political
Science, the Combating Terrorism Center, the Smith Richardson Foundation,
the University of Texas at Austin, and the Middle East Initiative at the Harvard
Kennedy School. I particularly acknowledge Hilary Rantisi, Julia Martin, Chris
Mawhorter, and Krysten Hartman for all the work they did to make my time in
Cambridge so productive. Rodger Payne, Jasmine Farrier, and my home depart-
ment at the University of Louisville provided a supportive environment to push
this project across the finish line.
I appreciate the feedback from participants and discussants at conferences,
workshops, and talks sponsored by the American Political Science Association, the
Middle East Studies Association, the Midwest Political Science Association,
the University of Texas–Austin Experimental and Comparative Workshops, the
Institute for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research, and the Departments of
Political Science at Barnard College, the University of Louisville, and the Uni-
versity of Nevada–Reno. An earlier version of this manuscript was presented at
the Project on Middle East Political Science Junior Scholars Book Workshop,
cosponsored by the Mamdouha S. Bobst Center for Peace and Justice at Prince-
ton University, where I received a set of incredibly helpful insights. A big kudos to
the team at Cornell University Press, including Roger Haydon, Susan Specter, and
Jamie Fuller, for their patience and diligence throughout the production process.
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Note on Transliteration
The Arabic in this book is rendered with reference to the transliteration scheme
adopted by the I nternational Journal for Middle East Studies (IJMES) . Diacritics
(macrons and dots) are used except in personal names, place names, organiza-
tions, and titles of books and articles. As per that system, initial h amzas (ʾ) have
been dropped, but medial and final hamza s (ʾ) and the letter ‘ayn (ʿ) have always
been rendered. Words that appear in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
(e.g., shaykh) as well as those exceptions identified by IJMES (e.g., Quʿran) are
rendered as they appear in those two sources. When living individuals have a pre-
ferred Anglicized spelling for their own names, I use that rather than a standard
transliteration.
There is a small concession to the above general rules for the peculiarities
of the Egyptian dialect. Egypt-specific names of individuals and geographic
places are transliterated with a “g,” representing the Egyptian pronunciation of
the Arabic letter j īm. So Gamal ʿAbd al-Nasir rather than Jamal ʿAbd al-Nasir,
Rod al-Farag rather than Rod al-Faraj. Official names of organizations and gen-
eral concepts, however, are rendered traditionally with a “j,” hence al-Jamʿiyya
al-Sharʿiyya, or Dhū al-Ḥijja.
xi
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