Wind effects on structures : modern structural design for wind

494 Pages·2019·23.863 MB·English

by  Emil Simiu, DongHun Yeo

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WindEffectsonStructures
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Wind Effects on Structures
ModernStructuralDesignforWind
EmilSimiu,P.E.,Ph.D.
NISTFellow
NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,USA
DongHunYeo,P.E.,Ph.D.
(cid:2) ResearchStructuralEngineer (cid:2)
NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,USA
FourthEdition
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2019
©2019JohnWiley&SonsLtd
EditionHistory
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Simiu,Emil,author.|Yeo,DongHun,author.
Title:Windeffectsonstructures:modernstructuraldesignforwind/Emil
Simiu,P.E.,Ph.D.,NISTFellow,NationalInstituteofStandardsand
Technology,DongHunYeo,P.E.,Ph.D.,ResearchStructuralEngineer,National
InstituteofStandardsandTechnology.
Description:Fourthedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2019.|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2018038948(print)|LCCN2018040522(ebook)|ISBN
9781119375906(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119375937(ePub)|ISBN9781119375883
(hardcover)
Subjects:LCSH:Wind-pressure.|Buildings–Aerodynamics.|Windresistant
design.
Classification:LCCTA654.5(ebook)|LCCTA654.5.S552019(print)|DDC
624.1/75–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018038948
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:©JackalPan/GettyImages
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
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ForDevra,SueYeun,
Zohar,Nitzan,Abigail,andArin
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vii
Contents
PrefacetotheFourthEdition xix
Introduction xxi
PartI AtmosphericFlows,ExtremeWindSpeeds,BluffBody
Aerodynamics 1
1 AtmosphericCirculations 3
1.1 AtmosphericThermodynamics 3
1.1.1 TemperatureoftheAtmosphere 3
(cid:2) 1.1.2 RadiationintheAtmosphere 4 (cid:2)
1.1.3 CompressionandExpansion.AtmosphericStratification 5
1.1.4 MolecularandEddyConduction 6
1.1.5 CondensationofWaterVapor 7
1.2 AtmosphericHydrodynamics 7
1.3 Windstorms 10
1.3.1 Large-ScaleStorms 10
1.3.2 LocalStorms 10
References 16
2 TheAtmosphericBoundaryLayer 17
2.1 WindSpeedsandAveragingTimes 17
2.2 EquationsofMeanMotionintheABL 19
2.3 WindSpeedProfilesinHorizontallyHomogeneousFlowOverFlat
Surfaces 20
2.3.1 TheEkmanSpiral 21
2.3.2 NeutrallyStratifiedABL:AsymptoticApproach 22
2.3.3 Brunt-VäisälaFrequency.TypesofNeutrallyStratifiedABLs 24
2.3.4 TheLogarithmicMeanWindProfile 27
2.3.5 PowerLawDescriptionofABLWindSpeedProfiles 30
2.3.6 ABLFlowsinDifferentSurfaceRoughnessRegimes 31
2.3.7 RelationBetweenWindSpeedswithDifferentAveragingTimes 33
2.4 ABLTurbulenceinHorizontallyHomogeneousFlowOverSmoothFlat
Surfaces 35
2.4.1 TurbulenceIntensities 35
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2.4.2 IntegralTurbulenceScales 36
2.4.3 SpectraofTurbulentWindSpeedFluctuations 38
2.4.4 Cross-spectralDensityFunctions 44
2.5 HorizontallyNon-HomogeneousFlows 45
2.5.1 FlowNearaChangeinSurfaceRoughness.FetchandTerrainExposure 45
2.5.2 WindProfilesoverEscarpments 46
2.5.3 HurricaneandThunderstormWinds 48
References 51
3 ExtremeWindSpeeds 55
3.1 CumulativeDistributions,ExceedanceProbabilities,MeanRecurrence
Intervals 55
3.1.1 ProbabilityofExceedanceandMeanRecurrenceIntervals 55
3.1.1.1 ACaseStudy:TheFairDie 55
3.1.1.2 ExtensiontoExtremeWindSpeeds 56
3.1.2 MixedWindClimates 56
3.2 WindSpeedData 57
3.2.1 MeteorologicalandMicrometeorologicalHomogeneityoftheData 57
3.2.2 DirectionalandNon-DirectionalWindSpeeds 58
3.2.3 WindSpeedDataSets 58
3.2.3.1 DatainthePublicDomain 58
3.2.3.2 DataAvailableCommercially 60
(cid:2) 3.3 N-yearSpeedEstimationfromMeasuredWindSpeeds 61 (cid:2)
3.3.1 EpochalVersusPeaks-Over-ThresholdApproachtoEstimationof
Extremes 61
3.3.2 ExtremeValueDistributionsandTheirUseinWindClimatology 62
3.3.3 WindSpeedEstimationbytheEpochalApproach 63
3.3.3.1 MethodofMoments 63
3.3.4 SamplingErrorsintheEstimationofExtremeSpeeds 64
3.3.5 WindSpeedEstimationbythePeaks-Over-ThresholdApproach 65
3.3.6 SpatialSmoothing 66
3.3.7 DevelopmentofLargeWindSpeedDatasets 66
3.4 TornadoCharacterizationandClimatology 66
3.4.1 TornadoFlowModeling 66
3.4.2 SummaryofNUREG/CR-4461,Rev.2Report[17] 67
3.4.3 Design-BasisTornadoforNuclearPowerPlants 68
References 70
4 BluffBodyAerodynamics 73
4.1 GoverningEquations 74
4.1.1 EquationsofMotionandContinuity 74
4.1.2 TheNavier–StokesEquation 75
4.1.3 Bernoulli’sEquation 76
4.2 FlowinaCurvedPath:VortexFlow 77
4.3 BoundaryLayersandSeparation 78
4.4 WakeandVortexFormationsinTwo-DimensionalFlow 82
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4.5 Pressure,Lift,Drag,andMomentEffectsonTwo-DimensionalStructural
Forms 89
4.6 RepresentativeFlowEffectsinThreeDimensions 93
4.6.1 CasesRetainingTwo-DimensionalFeatures 96
4.6.2 StructuresinThree-DimensionalFlows:CaseStudies 99
References 102
5 AerodynamicTesting 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 BasicSimilarityRequirements 105
5.2.1 DimensionalAnalysis 105
5.2.2 BasicScalingConsiderations 107
5.3 AerodynamicTestingFacilities 108
5.4 WindTunnelSimulationofAtmosphericBoundaryLayers 120
5.4.1 EffectofTypeofSpiresandFloorRoughnessElements 120
5.4.2 EffectofIntegralScaleandTurbulenceIntensity 122
5.4.3 EffectsofReynoldsNumberSimilarityViolation 123
5.4.4 ComparisonsofWindTunnelandFull-ScalePressureMeasurements 125
5.5 BlockageEffects 127
5.6 TheHigh-FrequencyForceBalance 128
5.7 SimultaneousPressureMeasurementsatMultipleTaps 129
References 132
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6 ComputationalWindEngineering 135
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 GoverningEquations 136
6.3 DiscretizationMethodsandGridTypes 136
6.4 InitialandBoundaryConditions 137
6.4.1 InitialConditions 137
6.4.2 BoundaryConditions 138
6.5 SolvingEquations 139
6.6 Stability 139
6.7 TurbulentFlowSimulations 140
6.7.1 ResolvedandModeledTurbulence 140
6.7.2 DirectNumericalSimulation(DNS) 140
6.7.3 LargeEddySimulations(LES) 142
6.7.4 Reynolds-AveragedNavier–StokesSimulation(RANS) 144
6.7.5 HybridRANS/LESSimulation 146
6.7.6 PerformanceofTurbulenceModels 148
6.8 VerificationandValidation.UncertaintyQuantification 148
6.8.1 SourcesofInaccuracyinCWESimulations 149
6.8.2 VerificationandValidation 150
6.8.3 QuantificationofErrorsandUncertainties 151
6.9 CWEversusWindTunnelTesting 151
6.10 BestPracticeGuidelines 152
References 152
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7 UncertaintiesinWindEngineeringData 157
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 StatisticalFrameworkforEstimatingUncertaintiesintheWindLoads 157
7.3 IndividualandOverallUncertainties 159
7.3.1 UncertaintiesintheEstimationofExtremeWindSpeeds 159
7.3.2 UncertaintiesintheEstimationofExposureFactors 160
7.3.3 UncertaintiesintheEstimationofPressureCoefficients 161
7.3.4 UncertaintiesinDirectionalityFactors 164
References 164
PartII DesignofBuildings 167
8 StructuralDesignforWind 169
8.1 ModernStructuralDesignforWind:ABriefHistory 169
8.2 Database-AssistedDesign 171
8.3 EquivalentStaticWindLoads 174
8.4 DADversusESWL 176
References 176
9 StiffnessMatrices,Second-OrderEffects,andInfluence
Coefficients 179
9.1 StiffnessMatrices 179
(cid:2) 9.2 Second-OrderEffects 180 (cid:2)
9.3 InfluenceCoefficients 181
References 181
10 AerodynamicLoads 183
10.1 Introduction 183
10.2 PressureTapPlacementPatternsandTributaryAreas 183
10.3 AerodynamicLoadingforDatabase-AssistedDesign 184
10.4 PeaksofSpatiallyAveragedPressureCoefficientsforUseinCode
Provisions 186
10.4.1 PressuresWithinanAreaAContainedinaSpecifiedPressureZone 186
10.4.2 IdentifyingAreasAWithinaSpecifiedPressureZone 187
10.5 AerodynamicPressuresandWind-DrivenRain 193
References 193
11 DynamicandEffectiveWind-InducedLoads 195
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 TheSingle-Degree-of-FreedomLinearSystem 196
11.3 Time-DomainSolutionsfor3-DResponseofMulti-Degree-of-Freedom
Systems 197
11.3.1 NaturalFrequenciesandModesofVibration 198
11.3.2 SolutionsofEquationsofMotionofForcedSystem 199
11.4 SimultaneousPressureMeasurementsandEffectiveWind-induced
Loads 200
Reference 201
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Contents xi
12 WindLoadFactorsandDesignMeanRecurrenceIntervals 203
12.1 Introduction 203
12.2 UncertaintiesintheDynamicResponse 204
12.3 WindLoadFactors:DefinitionandCalibration 205
12.4 WindLoadFactorsvs.IndividualUncertainties 206
12.4.1 EffectofWindSpeedRecordLength 206
12.4.2 EffectofAerodynamicInterpolationErrors 206
12.4.3 NumberofPressureTapsInstalledonBuildingModels 207
12.4.4 EffectofReducingUncertaintyintheTerrainExposureFactor 207
12.4.5 FlexibleBuildings 207
12.4.6 Notes 207
12.5 WindLoadFactorsandDesignMeanRecurrenceIntervals 208
References 209
13 WindEffectswithSpecifiedMRIs:DCIs,Inter-StoryDrift,and
Accelerations 211
13.1 Introduction 211
13.2 DirectionalWindSpeedsandResponseSurfaces 212
13.3 TransformationofWindSpeedMatrixintoVectorsofLargestWind
Effects 213
13.3.1 MatrixofLargestDirectionalWindSpeeds 213
13.3.2 TransformationofMatrix[U ]intoMatrixofDemand-to-CapacityIndexes
ij
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m ij
13.3.3 Vector{DCI }={max(DCIpk(U ))} 214
m,i j m ij
13.4 EstimationofDirectionalWindEffectswithSpecifiedMRIs 214
13.5 Non-DirectionalWindSpeeds:WindDirectionalityReductionFactors 215
13.6 Demand-to-CapacityIndexes 217
13.7 Inter-StoryDriftandFloorAccelerations 217
References 218
14 EquivalentStaticWindLoads 219
14.1 Introduction 219
14.2 EstimationofEquivalentStaticWindLoads 219
References 224
15 Wind-InducedDiscomfortinandAroundBuildings 225
15.1 Introduction 225
15.2 OccupantWind-InducedDiscomfortinTallBuildings 226
15.2.1 HumanResponsetoWind-InducedVibrations 226
15.3 ComfortCriteriaforPedestrianAreasWithinaBuiltEnvironment 227
15.3.1 WindSpeeds,PedestrianDiscomfort,andComfortCriteria 228
15.4 ZonesofHighSurfaceWindsWithinaBuiltEnvironment 229
15.4.1 WindEffectsNearTallBuildings 229
15.4.2 WindSpeedsatPedestrianLevelinaBasicReferenceCase[8] 232
15.4.3 CaseStudies 235
15.5 FrequenciesofOcurrenceofUnpleasantWinds 242
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15.5.1 DetailedEstimationProcedure 242
15.5.2 SimplifiedEstimationProcedure 246
References 248
16 MitigationofBuildingMotions 251
16.1 Introduction 251
16.2 Single-Degree-of-FreedomSystems 252
16.3 TMDsforMultiple-Degree-of-FreedomSystems 255
References 256
17 RigidPortalFrames 259
17.1 Introduction 259
17.2 AerodynamicandWindClimatologicalDatabases 260
17.3 StructuralSystem 261
17.4 OverviewoftheDesignProcedure 262
17.5 InterpolationMethods 263
17.6 ComparisonsBetweenResultsBasedonDADandonASCE7Standard 264
17.6.1 BuildingswithVariousEaveHeights 264
17.6.2 BuildingswithVariousRoofSlopes 265
References 265
18 TallBuildings 267
(cid:2) 18.1 Introduction 267 (cid:2)
18.2 PreliminaryDesignandDesignIterations 267
18.3 WindEngineeringContributiontotheDesignProcess 268
18.4 UsingtheDAD_ESWLSoftware 268
18.4.1 AccessingtheDAD_ESWLSoftware 269
18.4.2 ProjectDirectoryanditsContents 269
18.4.3 SoftwareActivation.GraphicalUserInterface 270
18.5 SteelBuildingDesignbytheDADandtheESWLProcedures:Case
Studies 271
18.5.1 BuildingDescription 271
18.5.2 UsingtheDADandtheESWLOptions 274
References 280
PartIII AeroelasticEffects 283
19 Vortex-InducedVibrations 287
19.1 Lock-InasanAeroelasticPhenomenon 287
19.2 Vortex-InducedOscillationsofCircularCylinders 287
19.3 Across-WindResponseofChimneysandTowerswithCircularCross
Section 292
References 296
20 GallopingandTorsionalDivergence 297
20.1 GallopingMotions 297
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