Table Of ContentWilliams Textbook of
Endocrinology
14TH EDITION
Shlomo Melmed, MB ChB, MACP Ronald J. Koenig, MD, PhD
Executive Vice President and Dean of the Medical Faculty Professor
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine
Los Angeles, California Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes
University of Michigan
Richard J. Auchus, MD, PhD Ann Arbor, Michigan
Professor Clifford J. Rosen, MD
Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes Professor of Medicine
University of Michigan Tufts University School of Medicine
Endocrinology Service Chief Boston, Massachusetts
Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Allison B. Goldfine, MD
Associate Physician, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and
Hypertension
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Lecturer, Part-Time
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Director, Translational Medicine Cardiometabolic Disease
Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Elsevier
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WILLIAMS TEXTBOOK OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, FOURTEENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-55596-8
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Contributors
John C. Achermann, MB, MD, PhD Mark S. Anderson, MD, PhD
Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow in Professor
Clinical Science and Professor of Pediatric Diabetes Center
Endocrinology University of California, San Francisco
Department of Genetics and Genomic San Francisco, California
Medicine
UCL GOS Insititute of Child Health
University College London
London, Great Britain
Ana María Arbeláez, MD, MSCI
Andrew J. Ahmann, MD, MS Associate Professor
Professor of Medicine Department of Pediatrics
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Washington University School of Medicine
Clinical Nutrition Pediatrician, St. Louis Children’s Hospital
Director, Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health St. Louis, Missouri
Center
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon
Lloyd P. Aiello, MD, PhD
Mark A. Atkinson, PhD
Professor of Ophthalmology
American Diabetes Association Eminent
Harvard Medical School
Scholar for Diabetes Research
Director, Beetham Eye Institute
Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics
Joslin Diabetes Center
Director, University of Florida Diabetes
Boston, Massachusetts
Institute
Gainesville, Florida
Richard J. Auchus, MD, PhD
Erik K. Alexander, MD
Professor
Chief, Thyroid Section
Departments of Pharmacology and Internal
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Medicine
Professor of Medicine
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and
Harvard Medical School
Diabetes
Boston, Massachusetts
University of Michigan
Endocrinology Section Chief
Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System
Rebecca H. Allen, MD, MPH Ann Arbor, Michigan
Associate Professor
Jennifer M. Barker, MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Associate Professor
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown
Department of Pediatrics
University
University of Colorado
Providence, Rhode Island
Aurora, Colorado
Bradley D. Anawalt, MD
Professor and Vice Chair
Department of Medicine Rosemary Basson, MD, FRCP(UK)
University of Washington
Clinical Professor
Seattle, Washington
Department of Psychiatry
University of British Columbia
Director, University of British Columbia
Sexual Medicine Program
British Columbia Centre for Sexual Medicine
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
iii
iivv Contributors
Sarah L. Berga, MD Annabelle Brennan, MBBS, LLB (Hons)
Professor and Director Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Royal Women’s Hospital
Infertility Melbourne, Australia
University of Utah School of Medicine
Salt Lake City, Utah
Sanjay K. Bhadada, MBBS, MD, DM
Professor
Department of Endocrinology Gregory A. Brent, MD
Nehru Hospital Professor of Medicine and Physiology
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education Chief, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Research and Metabolism
Chandigarh, India The David Geffen School of Medicine at
University of California, Los Angeles
Arti Bhan, MD Los Angeles, California
Division Head, Endocrinology, Diabetes,
Bone and Mineral Disorders
Henry Ford Health System
F. Richard Bringhurst, MD
Detroit, Michigan
Physician and Associate Professor of Medicine
Endocrine Unit
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Shalender Bhasin, MB, BS
Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Director, Research Program in Men’s Health: Juan P. Brito, MD, MS
Aging and Metabolism
Associate Professor
Director, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older
Department of Medicine
Americans Independence Center
Division of Endocrinology
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in
Boston, Massachusetts
Endocrinology
Mayo Clinic
Dennis M. Black, PhD
Rochester, Minnesota
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
University of California, San Francisco Todd T. Brown, MD, PhD
San Francisco, California
Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and
Metabolism
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland
Andrew J.M. Boulton, MD, FACP, FRCP
Professor Michael Brownlee, MD
Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes Anita and Jack Saltz Chair in Diabetes
University of Manchester Research Emeritus
Manchester, Great Britain Professor Emeritus, Medicine and Pathology
Visiting Professor Associate Director for Biomedical Sciences
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Emeritus
Diabetes Einstein Diabetes Research Center
University of Miami Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Miami, Florida Bronx, New York
Glenn D. Braunstein, MD Serdar E. Bulun, MD
Professor of Medicine JJ Sciarra Professor of Obstetrics and
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Gynecology and Chair
Professor of Medicine Emeritus Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
The David Geffen School of Medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of
University of California, Los Angeles Medicine
Los Angeles, California Chicago, Illinois
Contributors vv
David A. Bushinsky, MD Philip E. Cryer, MD
Professor of Medicine and of Pharmacology Professor of Medicine Emeritus
and Physiology Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine
University of Rochester School of Medicine Physician
Rochester, New York Barnes-Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Christin Carter-Su, ScB, PhD Eyal Dassau, PhD
The Anita H. Payne Distinguished University Director, Biomedical Systems Engineering
Professor of Physiology Research Group
The Henry Sewall Collegiate Professor of Senior Research Fellow in Biomedical
Physiology Engineering in the Harvard John A.
Professor of Molecular and Integrative Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Physiology Sciences
Professor of Internal Medicine Harvard University
University of Michigan Medical School Cambridge, Massachusetts
Associate Director
Michigan Diabetes Research Center
Ann Arbor, Michigan Mehul T. Dattani, MD, MBBS, DCH,
FRCPCH, FRCP
Yee-Ming Chan, MD, PhD Professor
Associate Physician Department of Paediatric Endocrinology
Department of Pediatrics Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
Division of Endocrinology NHS Foundation Trust
Boston Children’s Hospital Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics University College London Institute of Child
Harvard Medical School Health
Boston, Massachusetts London, Great Britain
Francisco J.A. de Paula, MD, PhD
Ronald Cohen, MD
Associate Professor of Endocrinology and
Associate Professor Metabolism
Department of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine
University of Chicago Ribeirão Preto Medical School
Chicago, Illinois University of São Paulo
Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
David W. Cooke, MD
Marie B. Demay, MD
Associate Professor
Physician and Professor of Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Endocrine Unit
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Mark E. Cooper, AO, MB BS, PhD, FRACP Sara A. DiVall, MD
Professor and Head Associate Professor
Department of Diabetes Departments of Pediatrics
Central Clinical School Division of Endocrinology
Monash University University of Washington
Melbourne, Australia Seattle, Washington
Ewerton Cousin, MSc
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Porto Alegre, Brazil
vvii Contributors
Bruce B. Duncan, MD, MPH, PhD Ezio Ghigo, MD
Department of Social Medicine and Professor of Endocrinology
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and
School of Medicine Metabolism
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul University of Turin
Porto Alegre, Brazil Turin, Italy
Eva L. Feldman, MD, PhD
Ira J. Goldberg, MD
Russell N. DeJong Professor of Neurology
Director, Program for Neurology Research Clarissa and Edgar Bronfman Jr. Professor
and Discovery New York University School of Medicine
University of Michigan Medical School Director, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
Ann Arbor, Michigan and Metabolism
New York University Langone Health
New York, New York
Ele Ferrannini, MD
Allison B. Goldfine, MD
Professor of Medicine
Institute of Clinical Physiology Associate Physician, Division of Endocrinology,
National Research Council Diabetes, and Hypertension
Pisa, Italy Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Lecturer, Part-Time
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Heather A. Ferris, MD, PhD Director, Translational Medicine
Assistant Professor of Medicine Cardiometabolic Disease
University of Virginia Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research
Charlottesville, Virginia Cambridge, Massachusetts
Peter A. Gottlieb, MD
Professor
Sebastiano Filetti, MD Department of Pediatrics
Full Professor of Internal Medicine University of Colorado
Department of Translational and Precision Aurora, Colorado
Medicine
Sapienza University of Rome
Rome, Italy
Steven K. Grinspoon, MD
Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Laercio J. Franco, MD, MPH, PhD
Chief, Metabolism Unit
Professor of Social Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
Ribeirão Preto Medical School–University of
Boston, Massachusetts
São Paulo
Ribeirão Preto, Brazil Sabine E. Hannema, MD, PhD
Paediatric Endocrinologist
Department of Paediatrics
Leiden University Medical Centre
Evelien F. Gevers, MD, PhD Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology
Erasmus Univeristy Medical Centre
Royal London Children’s Hospital
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Barts Health NHS Trust
Centre for Endocrinology
Frances J. Hayes, MB BCh, BAO
William Harvey Research Institute
Associate Professor of Medicine
Queen Mary University of London
Harvard Medical School
London, Great Britian
Clinical Director, Endocrine Division
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Contributors vviiii
Martha Hickey, MD, BA(Hons), MSc, Harshini Katugampola, PhD, BSc, MBBS,
MBChB, FRCOG, FRANZCOG MRCPCH, MSc
Professor Department of Paediatric Endocrinology
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
University of Melbourne NHS Foundation Trust
Melbourne, Australia Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme
University College London Institute of Child
Health
London, Great Britain
Joel. N. Hirschhorn, MD, PhD
Chief, Division of Endocrinology
Andrew M. Kaunitz, MD, FACOG
Concordia Professor of Pediatrics and
Professor of Genetics Professor and Associate Chairman
Harvard Medical School Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston, Massachusetts University of Florida College of Medicine–
Jacksonville
Jacksonville, Florida
Ken Ho, MD, FRACP, FRCP (UK),
FAHMS
Emeritus Professor Ronald J. Koenig, MD, PhD
St. Vincent’s Hospital
Professor
Garvan Institute of Medical Research
Department of Internal Medicine
University of New South Wales
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and
Sydney, Australia
Diabetes
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Anthony Hollenberg, MD
Sanford I. Weill Chair
Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Peter A. Kopp, MD
Medicine
Professor of Medicine
Professor of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and
Physician-in-Chief
Molecular Medicine
New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical
Center for Genetic Medicine
Center
Northwestern University
New York, New York
Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Ieuan A. Hughes, MD, MA
Emeritus Professor of Paediatrics Henry M. Kronenberg, MD
Department of Paediatrics
Physician and Professor of Medicine
University of Cambridge
Endocrine Unit
Cambridge, Great Britain
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
C. Ronald Kahn, MD
Chief Academic Officer
Lori Laffel, MD, MPH
Joslin Diabetes Center
Chief, Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adult
Mary K. Iacocca Professor of Medicine
Section
Department of Medicine
Senior Investigator and Head, Section on
Harvard Medical School
Clinical, Behavioral and Outomes Research
Boston, Massachusetts
Joslin Diabetes Center
Professor of Pediatrics
Ursula Kaiser, MD, FACP Harvard Medical School
Chief, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Boston, Massachusetts
and Hypertension
George W. Thorn, MD, Distinguished
Professor in Endocrinology
Department of Medicine
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
vviiiiii Contributors
Steven W.J. Lamberts, MD, PhD Eleftheria Maratos-Flier, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine Professor Emerita
Erasmus Medical Center Department of Medicine
Rotterdam, The Netherlands Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Director, Translation Medicine
Cardiovascular-Metabolic Disease
Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research
Fabio Lanfranco, MD, PhD Cambridge, Massachusetts
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and
Metabolism Andrea Mari, PhD
Department of Medical Sciences Institute of Neuroscience
University of Turin National Research Council
Turin, Italy Padua, Italy
P. Reed Larsen, MD, FRCP
Professor of Medicine Alvin M. Matsumoto, MD
Harvard Medical School Professor of Medicine
Senior Physician University of Washington School of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Seattle, Washington
Metabolism
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Sophie Leboulleux, MD, PhD
Dayna E. McGill, MD
Department of Nuclear Medicine and
Endocrine Oncology Research Associate, Section on Clinical,
Gustave Roussy Behavioral, and Outcomes Research
Villejuif, France Pediatric Endocrinologist, Pediatric,
Adolescent, and Young Adult Section
Joslin Diabetes Center
Instructor of Pediatrics
Ronald M. Lechan, MD, PhD Harvard Medical School
Professor of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology Shlomo Melmed, MB ChB, MACP
Tufts Medical Center Executive Vice President and Dean of the
Boston, Massachusetts Medical Faculty
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, California
Amit R. Majithia, MD
Assistant Professor
Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics
University of California San Diego School of Victor Montori, MD, MS
Medicine Professor of Medicine
La Jolla, California Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and
Nutrition
Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in
Endocrinology
Spyridoula Maraka, MD, MSc Mayo Clinic
Assistant Professor of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Martin G. Myers, Jr., MD, PhD
Department of Medicine
Professor
Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
Department of Internal Medicine
Little Rock, Arkansas
University of Michigan
Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Endocrinology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Contributors iixx
John D.C. Newell-Price, MA, PhD, FRCP Naykky Singh Ospina, MD, MS
Professor of Endocrinology, Oncology, and Assistant Professor
Metabolism Department of Medicine
The Medical School Division of Endocrinology
University of Sheffield Department of Medicine
Sheffield, England University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Jorge Plutzky, MD
Paul J. Newey, MBChB (Hons), BSc (Hons),
Director, Preventive Cardiology
DPhil, FRCP
Director, The Vascular Disease Prevention
Senior Lecturer in Endocrinology
Program
Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Ninewells Hospital and Medical School
Harvard Medical School
University of Dundee
Boston, Massachusetts
Dundee, Scotland
Joshua F. Nitsche, MD, PhD
Associate Professor Kenneth S. Polonsky, MD
Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Richard T. Crane Distinguished Service
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Professor
Wake Forest School of Medicine Dean of the Division of the Biological
Winston Salem, North Carolina Sciences and the Pritzker School of
Medicine
Executive Vice President for Medical Affairs
University of Chicago
Kjell Öberg, MD, PhD
Chicago, Illinois
Professor
Department of Endocrine Oncology Sally Radovick, MD
University Hospital Professor of Pediatrics
Uppsala, Sweden Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical
School
New Brunswick, New Jersey
David P. Olson, MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Pediatrics Ajay D. Rao, MD, MMSc
University of Michigan Associate Professor of Medicine
Ann Arbor, Michigan Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and
Metabolism
Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple
University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sudhaker D. Rao, MBBS
Brian T. O’Neill, MD, PhD
Section Head, Bone and Mineral Disorders
Assistant Professor Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and
Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Bone and Mineral Disorders
Center Director, Bone and Mineral Research
Department of Internal Medicine Laboratory
Division of Endocrinology Henry Ford Health System
University of Iowa Detroit, Michigan
Iowa City, Iowa
