Wildland Fires and Air Pollution. Developments in Environmental Science 8.

687 Pages·2008·9.28 MB·English

by  Bytnerowicz, Andrzej

Author's personal copy
Wildland Fires and Air Pollution
Author's personal copy
PreviousVolumesinthisSeries
AIRPOLLUTIONSCIENCEFORTHE21STCENTURY,I
EditedbyJillAustin,PeterBrimblecombeandWilliamSturges
OZONEAIRPOLLUTIONINTHESIERRANEVADA–DISTRIBUTIONAND
EFFECTSONFORESTS,II
EditedbyA.Bytnerowicz,M.J.ArbaughandR.Alonso
AIRPOLLUTION,GLOBALCHANGEANDFORESTSINTHENEWMILLENNIUM,III
EditedbyD.F.Karnosky,K.E.Percy,A.H.Chappelka,C.SimpsonandJ.Pikkarainen
CROSS-BORDERRESOURCEMANAGEMENT:THEORYANDPRACTICE,IV
EditedbyR.Guo
CONCEPTSANDAPPLICATIONSINENVIRONMENTALGEOCHEMISTRY,V
EditedbyDibyenduSarkar,RupaliDattaandRobynHannigan
AIRPOLLUTIONMODELINGANDITSAPPLICATIONXVIII,VI
EditedbyCarlosBorregoandEberhardRenner
PERSISTENTORGANICPOLLUTANTSINASIA:SOURCES,DISTRIBUTIONS,
TRANSPORTANDFATE,VII
EditedbyAnLi,ShinsukeTanabe,GuibinJiang,JohnP.GiesyandPaulK.S.Lam
WILDLANDFIRESANDAIRPOLLUTION,VIII
EditedbyAndrzejBytnerowicz,MichaelArbaugh,AllenR.RiebauandChristianAndersen
Author's personal copy
Wildland Fires and Air Pollution
Edited by
Andrzej Bytnerowicz
USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA
Michael J. Arbaugh
USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA
Allen R. Riebau
USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
Christian Andersen
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR
Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford
Paris – San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo
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Elsevier
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Dedication to Dr. Sue A. Ferguson
This book is dedicated to Dr. Sue A. Ferguson, atmospheric scientist,
friend and colleague, visionary, and enthusiastic participant in life. We
lost Sue to breast cancer on December 18, 2005, on a beautiful, crisp,
blue-sky Seattle day. Her memory and inspiration continue to live on,
however, in the legacy she founded in the atmospheric science
community: first in her 13-year career in Avalanche Forecasting, then
inher13-yearcareerasaResearchMeteorologistwiththeUSDAForest
Service.
Sue thought big, never hesitating to tackle difficult problems or
situations. She saw the potential of what could be accomplished by
bringingtogetherbrilliantanddedicatedpeopletopushtheboundariesof
scienceandtheimagination.AsanAvalancheForecaster,shestartedthe
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Avalanche Review, now a premier publication in the field. As a Research
Meteorologist with the Forest Service she was a member of the Fire and
Environmental Research Applications (FERA) Team and then went on
tofoundtheAtmosphereandFireInteractionsResearchandEngineering
(AirFIRE) Team. Her vision led to the development of the BlueSky
Smoke Prediction System—a system on the forefront of technology and
innovation that provides real-time predictions of smoke concentrations
fromprescribedfires,wildfires,andagriculturalfires.Suehelpedformthe
Northwest Regional Modeling Center (NWRMC) that provides daily
scientific products for the fire weather, meteorological, and air quality
communities and serves as a template for other regional modeling
consortiumsnationally.Inadditiontoalltheseaccomplishments,Suestill
loved to encourage and participate in hands-on science, leading field
campaigns (with a tethersonde affectionately known as ‘‘Wally’’) to
measure smoke and meteorological parameters during fires and mentor-
ing young high school future-scientists-of-the-world. Sue touched many
lives, andwe are all thebetterforknowing herandher pioneeringspirit.
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vii
Contents
List of Contributors xi
Biographies xxi
Acknowledgements xli
Preface xliii
Introduction xlv
Section I: General Information and Emissions
1. Impacts of Vegetation Fire Emissions on the Environment,
Human Health, and Security: A Global Perspective 3
2. Climatic and Weather Factors Affecting Fire Occurrence and
Behavior 37
3. Characterizing Sources of Emissions from Wildland Fires 61
4. Chemical Composition of Wildland Fire Emissions 79
5. Effects of Wildland Fire on Regional and Global Carbon
Stocks in a Changing Environment 109
6. Airborne Remote Sensing of Wildland Fires 139
Section II: Ambient Air Quality, Visibility and Human
Health—Regional Perspectives
7. Effects of Forest Fires on Visibility and Air Quality 171
8. Assessment of Forest Fire Impacts and Emissions in the
European Union Based on the European Forest Fire
Information System 197
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viii Contents
9. Forest Fires and Air Quality Issues in Southern Europe 209
10. Spatial and Temporal Trends in Distribution of Forest Fires
in Central and Eastern Europe 233
11. A Mega-Fire Event in Central Russia: Fire Weather,
Radiative, and Optical Properties of the Atmosphere, and
Consequences for Subboreal Forest Plants 247
12. Vegetation Fires, Smoke Emissions, and Dispersion of
Radionuclides in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone 265
13. Remote Sensing Applications of Wildland Fire and Air
Quality in China 277
14. Smoke from Wildfires and Prescribed Burning in Australia:
Effects on Human Health and Ecosystems 289
Section III: Ecological Impacts of Forest Fires and Air Pollution
15. GlobalWarmingandStressComplexesinForestsofWestern
North America 319
16. AProbabilisticViewofChaparralandForestFireRegimesin
Southern California and Northern Baja California 339
17. Air Pollution Increases Forest Susceptibility to Wildfires:
A Case Study in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern
California 365
18. Fire Effects on Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Forests of
The Sierra Nevada 405
19. Management Options for Mitigating Nitrogen (N) Losses
from N-Saturated Mixed-Conifer Forests in California 425
20. Interactive Effects of Climate and Wildland Fires on
Forests and other Ecosystems—Section III Synthesis 457
Section IV: Management Issues
21. Fire Danger and Fire Behavior Modeling Systems in
Australia, Europe, and North America 471
22. Regional Real-Time Smoke Prediction Systems 499
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Contents ix
23. Managing Smoke from Wildfires and Prescribed Burning in
Southern Australia 535
24. A Statistical Model for Forecasting Hourly Ozone Levels
During Fire Season 551
25. Managing Air Pollution Impacted Forests of California 567
Section V: Concluding Section
26. Integrating Research on Wildland Fires and Air Quality:
Needs and Recommendations 585
Author Index 603
Subject Index 629