Wilderness and Remote First Aid

221 Pages·2014·5.67 MB·English

I am trained, empowered and prepared.
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Training for Emergencies in Wilderness and Remote Environments s
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Whether you’re teaching lifesaving skills to scouts, outdoor enthusiasts or employees a
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working in a remote environment, our Wilderness and Remote First Aid course gives d

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your students the skills they need to respond to an emergency when help may be e
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delayed. Course participants must be at least 14 years of age and possess current
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certification in adult CPR/AED. e

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Wilderness and Remote First Aid Topics t

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• Head (Brain), Neck and Spinal Injuries • Heat-Related Emergencies id

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• Hypothermia • Altitude-Related Illnesses n
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• Allergies and Anaphylaxis • Burns
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• Bone and Joint Injuries • And more r
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• Wounds and Wound Infection
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Helping Everyday People Learn to Save Lives for 100 Years
Since 1910, communities, schools and businesses nationwide have turned
to the Red Cross for quality first aid training. Remember, when you participate
in Red Cross health and safety programs, you help the Red Cross fulfill its
mission of providing relief to victims of disasters and helping people learn
how to save lives.
Based on the Boy Scouts of America
Stock No. 656236 Wilderness and Remote First Aid
Wilderness First Aid Curriculum and Doctrine Guidelines
Offers Enhanced Content to Meet OSHA’s Instructor’s Manual
Best Practices for Workplace First Aid Training Programs
American Red Cross
Wilderness and
Remote First Aid
Instructor’s Manual
With Contributions by:
Jeffrey Pellegrino, PhD, MPH, EMS-I, EMT
Kent State University
Content in the Wilderness and Remote First Aid Instructor’s Manual is based on the 2010 Boy Scouts of America (BSA)
Wilderness First Aid Curriculum and Doctrine Guidelines and reflects the 2010 Consensus on Science for CPR and Emergency
Cardiovascular Care and the 2010 Guidelines for First Aid. The Wilderness First Aid Curriculum and Doctrine Guidelines were
developed through a task force facilitated by the BSA. The Wilderness and Remote First Aid course carefully follows these
guidelines.
The emergency care procedures outlined in this manual reflect the standard of knowledge and accepted emergency practices
in the United States at the time this manual was published. It is the reader’s responsibility to stay informed of changes in the
emergency care procedures.
PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING TERMS AND CONDITIONS BEFORE AGREEING TO ACCESS AND DOWNLOAD THE
AMERICAN RED CROSS MATERIALS. BY DOWNLOADING THE MATERIALS, YOU HEREBY AGREE TO BE BOUND BY
THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS.
The downloadable electronic materials, including all content, graphics, images and logos, are copyrighted by and the exclusive
property of The American National Red Cross (“Red Cross”). Unless otherwise indicated in writing by the Red Cross, the Red
Cross grants you (“recipient”) the limited right to download, print, photocopy and use the electronic materials, subject to the
following restrictions:
■ The recipient is prohibited from reproducing the materials for any reason.
■ The recipient is prohibited from creating electronic versions of the materials.
■ The recipient is prohibited from revising, altering, adapting or modifying the materials.
■ The recipient is prohibited from creating any derivative works incorporating, in part or in whole, the content of the materials.
■ The recipient is prohibited from downloading the materials and putting them on their own website without Red Cross
permission.
Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by the Red Cross. The Red Cross does not permit its materials to be
reproduced or published without advance written permission from the Red Cross. To request permission to reproduce or publish
Red Cross materials, please submit your written request to The American National Red Cross.
Copyright © 2014 American Red Cross. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The Red Cross emblem, American Red Cross® and the American Red Cross logo are trademarks of The American National Red
Cross and protected by various national statutes.
Published by Krames StayWell Strategic Partnerships Division
ISBN: 978-1-58480-630-1
Acknowledgments
The American Red Cross Wilderness and Remote First Aid Instructor’s Manual was developed through the
dedication of both employees and volunteers. Their commitment to excellence made this manual possible.
The American Red Cross team for this Guidance and support were provided
edition included: by the following individuals:
Dominick Tolli
Steve Rieve
Vice President
Senior Director
Product Development
Product Development
Preparedness and Health and Safety Services
Jennifer Deibert
Jack McMaster
Director
President
Product Development
Preparedness and Health and Safety Services
Jonathan Epstein, MEMS,
The StayWell team for this edition included:
NREMT-P
Senior Director
Nancy Monahan
Instructional Design & Delivery
President
Lisa Silverman Sunil Bheda
Director Senior Vice President
Product Development Product Development
Paula Batt
Vice President
Sales and Client Services
David Cane
Managing Editor
Danielle DiPalma
Editorial Director
Laura Scott
Senior Content Manager
Michelle Clark
Senior Graphic Designer
Maureen Pancza
Editorial Project Manager
The following members of the American Red Cross Marlene Lugg, DrPH
Advisory Council on First Aid, Aquatics, Safety and Emergency Response Instructor and Instructor Trainer
Preparedness (ACFASP) also provided guidance American Red Cross Greater Los Angeles Chapter
and review: Adjunct Professor of Health Sciences and Chair,
Curriculum Committee, West Coast University
David Markenson, MD, FAAP, EMT-P Los Angeles, California
Chair, ACFASP
Chief, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Rhonda Mickelson
Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital Director of Standards
Westchester Medical Center American Camp Association
Valhalla, New York Martinsville, Indiana
Jeffrey Pellegrino, PhD, EMS-I, EMT The following organizations provided
First Aid Subcouncil Chair, ACFASP external review:
International First Aid Science Advisory Board
Wilderness First Aid Task Force, Boy Scouts of America American Canoe Association
Kent State University Robin Pope, PhD, PA-C
Kent, Ohio Sylva Orthopaedic Associates, WestCare Health
System
Nici Singletary, MD Chair, American Canoe Association Safety Education
Member, ACFASP and Instruction Council
CI. Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Sylva, North Carolina
Medicine
University of Virginia Boy Scouts of America
Charlottesville, Virginia Ruth Reynolds, RN, BSN
Medical Coordinator
The Sounding Board for this edition included: Boy Scouts of America
Irving, Texas
Cindy Bryson
Executive Director David Bell, PhD
American Red Cross Transylvania Chapter National Health and Safety Committee Member
Brevard, North Carolina Boy Scouts of America
Ponca City, Oklahoma
Ronna Cohen, JD, MBA
Volunteer William Forgey, MD
American Red Cross Greater Salt Lake Chapter Wilderness First Aid Task Force Chairman
Salt Lake City, Utah Health and Safety Support Committee
Boy Scouts of America
Danielle Gahl Merrillville, Indiana
Health Services and Sales Instructional Programs
Manager Girl Scouts of the USA
American Red Cross Serving King and Kitsap Counties Jennifer Peter
Chapter Program/Project Manager
Seattle, Washington Camp Outdoors
New York, New York
Adeeb Khan
Health and Safety Director
American Red Cross Mile High Chapter
Denver, Colorado
iv WILDERNESS AND REMOTE FIRST AID INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
The following individuals provided external Don May
guidance and review: Director, Health and Safety Services
American Red Cross Pioneer Valley Chapter
Karl H. Brackmann South Hadley, Massachusetts
First Aid Committee Co-Chair, Wilderness First
Responder Scott May
Mountaineering First Aid Instructor Professional Ski Patroller
Mountaineers, Seattle, Washington Special Rescue Advisor
American Red Cross First Aid/CPR/AED Instructor and Blandford Ski Patrol
Instructor Trainer South Hadley, Massachusetts
Seattle, Washington
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v
Contents
Section 1: Administration
Course Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Lesson 9: Bone and Joint Injuries ............ 94
Course Prerequisites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Lesson 10: Burns ........................ 108
Course Participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Lesson 11: Abdominal Illnesses ............ 114
Course Instructors .......................... 1 Lesson 12: Hypothermia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Course Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Lesson 13: Heat-Related Illnesses .......... 128
Reorganizing Course Outlines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Lesson 14: Lightning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Training to Meet a Workplace Certification Lesson 15: Altitude Illnesses ............... 139
Requirement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Lesson 16: Submersion Incidents
Class Size ................................ 3 (Drowning) ........................... 144
Additional Adult Supervision .................. 3 Lesson 17: Allergies and Anaphylaxis ........ 151
Classroom Space .......................... 3
Section 3: Appendices
Health Precautions for Course Participants ..... 3
3-1: Health Precautions and Guidelines During
Materials, Equipment and Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Conducting the Course ..................... 6 3-2: Sample Letter to Wilderness and Remote
Working With Your Audience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 First Aid Course Participants ............ 160
3-3: Wilderness and Remote First Aid
Acknowledging Course Participation .......... 8
Participant Course Evaluation Form. . . . . . . 161
Instructor’s Responsibilities .................. 9
3-4: Teaching Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
American Red Cross Health and Safety 3-5: Class Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Services Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3-6: Wilderness and Remote First Aid Final
Written Exams, Answer Sheet and
Section 2: Wilderness and Answer Keys ......................... 175
Remote First Aid Course 3-7: Wilderness and Remote First Aid Report
Form/Rescue Request ................. 187
Wilderness and Remote First Aid
3-8: Wilderness and Remote First Aid
Course Outline ......................... 11
Competency Check Sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Introduction to the Course: Wilderness and
3-9: Lightning Safety Activity Sheet ......... 192
Remote First Aid Course Overview. . . . . . . . 12
3-10: Scenario Cue Cards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Lesson 1: Wilderness and Remote First 3-11: Wilderness and Remote First Aid
Aid Kits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Instructor Essentials Jigsaw Activity. . . . . . 195
Lesson 2: Assessment, Part 1—Primary (Initial) 3-12: Experiential Learning Cycle ........... 198
Assessment ........................... 21 3-13: Group Development Stages .......... 199
3-14: Leadership Styles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Lesson 3: Assessment, Part 2—Secondary
3-15: Inclement Weather Course
(Focused) Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Safety Guide ......................... 203
Lesson 4: CALLing for Help and Evacuation
3-16: Moulage Madness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Considerations ......................... 41
3-17: Practice-Teaching Self-Evaluation Form 209
Lesson 5: Shock and Heart Attack ........... 49 3-18: Practice-Teaching Feedback and
Lesson 6: Chest Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Evaluation Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Lesson 7: Head (Brain), Neck and 3-19: Scenario Setup and Practice-Teaching
Spinal Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Assignment 2 Evaluation Form. . . . . . . . . . . 211
Lesson 8: Wounds and Wound Infection ...... 74 Index ................................... 212
vi WILDERNESS AND REMOTE FIRST AID INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
Section 1: Administration
This manual is the main resource for Wilderness and respond to first aid emergencies based on
and Remote First Aid instructors. In addition to this their training. This course serves to meet the health
manual, you should be familiar with the American and safety needs of those who are interested
Red Cross Wilderness and Remote First Aid in the outdoors, live or work in remote areas or
Emergency Reference Guide and Wilderness and are preparing to respond to disaster locations.
Remote First Aid Pocket Guide before you teach. Participants could include hikers and backpackers,
scout leaders and older scouts, boaters, farm
workers, utility workers in remote areas, forest
COURSE PURPOSE
rangers, law enforcement and rescue crews, and
The primary purpose of the American Red Cross disaster response team members.
Wilderness and Remote First Aid course is
to provide individuals a foundation of first aid
COURSE INSTRUCTORS
principles and skills to be able to respond to
emergencies and give care in areas that do not American Red Cross Wilderness and Remote
have immediate emergency medical services First Aid instructors are authorized to teach the
(EMS) response, such as wilderness and remote American Red Cross Wilderness and Remote
environments, including urban disasters, such as First Aid course (Introduction and Lessons 1
earthquakes and hurricanes. through 17). Course instructors should be familiar
with or have a background in wilderness and
remote environments. Follow state regulations
COURSE PREREQUISITES
and local protocols for instructor requirements.
Current adult CPR/AED certification is a
prerequisite for participation in the Wilderness and The Red Cross offers a variety of Health and
Remote First Aid course. Participants must also Safety courses that Wilderness and Remote
be 14 years of age on or before the last scheduled First Aid instructors are eligible to teach. Red
session of the course. Cross courses and presentations for youth and
families include:
n Water Safety Presentations.
COURSE PARTICIPANTS
n First Aid for Youth
Participants may represent a broad range of n First Aid and CPR for Students
backgrounds. Levels of education and experience n Family Caregiving.
may differ. Wilderness first aid is the assessment n First Aid and Preparedness (Be Red
of and treatment given to an injured or ill person Cross Ready).
in a remote environment where definitive care by a
Co-Instructors and Instructor Aides
health care provider and/or rapid transport is not
readily available. Remote environments may also be With the number of activities and in-depth
created during disasters and therefore this course scenarios, a lower instructor-to-participant ratio
is valuable for those preparing to respond to is helpful. For courses with large numbers of
such situations personally or with an organization, participants, co-instructors or instructor aides can
such as the American Red Cross. In this course, enhance the course experience. Co-instructors
participants will learn how to prevent, recognize and instructor aides offer several benefits:
ADMINISTRATION 1
n More help with logistics (scenario setup, Whether through the addition or deletion of topics,
equipment, food, demonstrations) the content of this course may not deviate from the
n Added safety for the group and individuals approved curriculum.
Co-instructors must be currently authorized TRAINING TO MEET A WORKPLACE
Wilderness and Remote First Aid instructors. CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT
Instructor aides must be currently certified in
When offering the course to meet certification
Wilderness and Remote First Aid. Co-instructors
requirements, adapting the training does not mean
and instructor aides should agree to facilitate
that you can add, delete or change the content. To
and be orientated to course goals, logistics and
modify the course for a workplace with certification
learning methodologies.
needs, the workplace representative should
discuss the needs with the Red Cross Training
COURSE LENGTH
Support Center representative prior to scheduling
a course. The Red Cross Training Support Center
The Wilderness and Remote First Aid course is
representative should convey this information to
designed to be taught in approximately 16 hours.*
you so that you can adequately prepare to deliver
These estimates are based on:
the course material. As an instructor, you should
n Teaching only the required lessons
ask these questions:
and activities.
n Why is the workplace customer offering
n Six to 10 participants per instructor.
this training?
n The experience and abilities of participants.
n What is the background of course participants?
n The experience and abilities of the instructor.
This includes:
n Having the recommended amount of equipment
 Previous first aid training.
available at each class session.
 Job responsibilities.
 Educational background.
The course length includes the minimum time
 English as a second language.
needed for practicing skills and conducting class
n What site-specific information is known?
activities. Since the times allotted in the lesson
This includes:
plans do not include breaks, you may have to build
 T he type and frequency of past incidents of
additional time into the course.
injury or sudden illness in the workplace.
 E stablished emergency procedures. (Is there
*Including additional activities will add to the total
a written emergency action plan?)
course time.
 T he type and location of first aid supplies at
the site.
REORGANIZING COURSE OUTLINES
These considerations will allow you to use specific
Since course delivery depends on many factors, examples relevant to participants and to emphasize
such as classroom space and availability, topics that address particular needs within
equipment and time, you may have to reorganize the workplace.
course outlines to meet your specific needs. If
Training as an Employee Benefit
you reorganize the lesson plans, make sure that
all of the course content is covered and all course In some cases, wilderness and remote first aid
objectives are met. All course objectives must training is offered as an employee benefit rather
be met for participants to receive certification. than for certification or to meet other regulations.
2 WILDERNESS AND REMOTE FIRST AID INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
Under such circumstances, if the employer does volunteer working in the facility. All Red Cross
not require or want certification, it is possible to employees and volunteers must have a completed
customize the course by presenting only those background check. Some states may define an
lessons that meet the employer’s specific needs. adult as a person older or younger than 18 years of
These can be taught as stand-alone lessons or as age. You should follow local regulations.
seminar topics during a lunch hour, for example.
Before training begins, the Red Cross Training
CLASSROOM SPACE
Support Center must ensure that the employer
understands that although the information to be The lessons in the Wilderness and Remote First
conveyed is relevant and important, this type of Aid course require classroom and/or outdoor
training is not comprehensive and will not result in space for group discussions, completing activities,
Red Cross certification for employees. practicing skills and performing scenarios. The
room should also be equipped with the necessary
teaching aids and materials. It is strongly
CLASS SIZE
recommended that at least portions of this course
The recommended instructor-to-participant ratio are taught in an open, outdoor space that has
in the class is one instructor for every six to 10 ample room to complete skills and scenarios.
participants. Close supervision is necessary to Examples of outdoor spaces could include a
ensure effective practice and participant safety. grassy area outside a classroom, a local park or
Instructors can run classes more effectively if the a nature trail. Ensure participants’ safety at all
class size is small. This allows for more interaction times. When outdoors, this includes having the
between the instructor and participants and helps appropriate safety equipment and gear for the
to keep the class within the recommended course outdoor environment in which the course is taught,
times. If the class has more than 10 participants, as well as appropriate clothing for participants.
the instructor should have co-instructors or aides Because conditions can change with little or no
to maintain the recommended ratios. warning in the outdoor environment, you should
be prepared to change locations, stop the activity,
move inside or take other actions to help keep
ADDITIONAL ADULT SUPERVISION
participants safe.
The safety of all Red Cross course participants
is paramount. For courses with youth present, Red Cross instructors must follow safety rules
ensuring participant safety includes providing of the venue, park or facility where the course is
adequate adult supervision before, during and being conducted.
after the class until everyone has gone home. The
Red Cross recommends that whenever a Red
HEALTH PRECAUTIONS FOR
Cross activity or event is conducted involving
COURSE PARTICIPANTS
youth (younger than 18 years of age), two adults
should always be present. For Red Cross courses, Provide participants and, if necessary, their
the first adult would be the course instructor. The parents or guardians information about health
second adult could be a co-instructor, an instructor requirements and safety before the course begins.
aide, an instructor teaching another course in the The Sample Letter to Wilderness and Remote First
facility, a parent accompanying a youth during Aid Course Participants, found in the appendices,
the training, a building security employee, a is one way to communicate this information. Ask
receptionist, or another Red Cross employee or participants to tell you in advance if they are
ADMINISTRATION 3