Table Of ContentWho Owns the World’s Media?
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Who oWns the
World’s Media?
Media Concentration and
Ownership around the World
El i M . Noa M
a N d t h E i N t E r N at i o N a l M E d i a C o N C E N t r at i o N C o l l a b o r at i o N
1
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1
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Noam, Eli M.
Who Owns the World’s Media?: media concentration and ownership around the world/ by Eli M. Noam
and contributing authors
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–19–998723–8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Mass media—Ownership. 2. Mass media—Economic aspects.
3. Telecommunication—Ownership. 4. Telecommunication—Economic aspects. I. Noam, Eli M.
P96.E25 W58 2015
338.4’730223—dc23
2014010928
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
Te International Media Concentration Collaboration is a group of scholars assembled by Eli M. Noam
who have contributed country chapters to this volume.
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Contents
Acknowledgments ix 4 Finland 61
List of Contributors xi Mikko Grönlund
5 France 80
Part oNE: iNtrodUCtioN
Patrick-Yves Badillo, Dominique Bourgeois,
aNd oVErViEW
and Jean-Baptiste Lesourd
1 Introduction 3
6 Germany 107
Julia Bösch, Max-Josef Meier,
2 Project Organization and
Philipp Rösch-Schlanderer, and
Methodology 16
Achim Ekkehard Henning Wolf
Part t Wo: MEdia CoNCENtratioN 7 Ireland 143
aroUNd thE World—CoUNtrY Roddy Flynn and Paschal Preston
StUdiES
8 Italy 183
Giuseppe Richeri and Benedeta Prario
a. EUroPE
9 Te Netherlands 206
3 Belgium 35
Joost van Dreunen
Peggy Valcke, Jo Groebel, and Moritz Bitner
• v
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10 Portugal 231 d. aSia-PaCifiC
Paulo Faustino
23 Australia 703
11 Russia 276 Franco Papandrea and Rodney Tifen
Elena Vartanova
24 China 740
12 Spain 311 Min Hang
Juan P. Artero and Alfonso
Sánchez-Tabernero 25 India 772
Anuradha Bhatacharjee, Liwei Wang, and
13 Sweden 338 Tapasya Banerjee
Robert G. Picard, Mart Ots,
and Madison Forsander 26 Japan 801
Kiyoshi Nakamura, Teruaki Asari, Yoshiharu
14 Switzerland 358 Ichikawa, Koichiro Hayashi, Hajime Yamada,
Patrick-Yves Badillo and Dominique and Sho Yamaguchi
Bourgeois
27 South Korea 827
15 Turkey 387 Daeho Kim and Seongcheol Kim
Hüseyin Kemal Bayazit
28 Taiwan 847
16 United Kingdom 425 Yu-li Liu, Yuntsai Chou, Kuo-feng Tseng,
Petros Iosifdis Ru-Shou Robert Chen, Yi-hsuan Chiang, and
Ping-Hung Chen
b. North aMEriCa
E. MiddlE EaSt aNd afriCa
17 Canada 455
Dwayne Winseck 29 Egypt 883
Nagla Rizk
18 United States 500
Eli Noam 30 Israel 942
Amit M. Schejter and Moran Yemini
C. l atiN aMEriCa
31 South Africa 986
George Angelopulo and Petrus H. Potgieter
19 Argentina 575
Guillermo Mastrini, Ana Bizberge,
Part thrEE: SUMMariES
and Martín Becerra
aNd aNalYSES
20 Brazil 606 32 N ational Media Concentrations
Sonia Virginia Moreira Compared 1017
21 Chile 641 33 European Trends 1042
Sergio Godoy E. Patrick-Yves Badillo, Dominique Bourgeois,
and Jean-Baptiste Lesourd
22 Mexico 674
Juan Enrique Huerta Wong 34 M edia Industries in International
and Rodrigo Gómez García Comparison 1054
vi • C O N T E N T S
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35 T e World’s Major Media 38 Findings 1303
Companies 1109
General References on Media Ownership
36 T e Owners of the World’s Media 1180 and Concentration 1349
Index 1373
37 Analysis of Media Concentration 1243
C O N T E N T S • vii
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Acknowledgments
THIS BOOK is a project that started out as a Jointly with his colleagues Mark Thompson,
good and simple idea and then became better but Gordana Jankovic, and the Open Society Foun-
more challenging. At its inception were friends dation’s then president, Arye Neier, OSF sup-
and colleagues who became a mainstay of the ported this project throughout its progress.
project—first, Koichiro Hayashi and Kiyoshi They warmly encouraged us, yet left us alone in
Nakamura of Japan—who then supervised the conception, selection, and conclusion.
work on East Asian countries. They were joined At Columbia Business School, many people
by a French team—Patrick Badillo, Dominique contributed their talent and energy. Jason Buck-
Bourgeois, and Jean-Baptiste Lesourd—who weitz, Associate Director of the Columbia Insti-
recruited many of the European author teams, tute for Tele-Information (CITI), held this proj-
as well as authored chapter 33, providing a ect together with an amazing combination of
European summary. Together, and with Jason skills in research, management, technology, and
Buckweitz, we formed the project’s executive law. He also coauthored chapter 36 on owner-
committee. We also organized conferences that ship. Essential to the quantitative work was Paul
brought together the author teams, held in New Mutter, the project manager at CITI, who sup-
York, Paris, Brussels, and Yokohama. This proj- ported both data analysis and editing. He was
ect would not exist without their encourage- assisted by teams of summer college interns and
ment, contributions, and generosity. research assistants.
Equally central to this project was Marius Paul succeeded Liwei Wang, who contrib-
Dragomir, senior manager and publications uted to making the individual-country chap-
editor of the Open Society Media Program. ters consistent by providing feedback to their
• ix
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