Whip spiders of the genus Sarax in the Papuan region, with description of two new species (Amblypygi: Charinidae)

2010·8.4 MB·English

by  Cahyo Rahmadi

1
2010.TheJournalofArachnology38:475^84
Whip spiders ofthe genus Sarax in the Papuan region, with description oftwo new species
(Amblypygi: Charinidae)
CahyoRahmadi: NaturalHistory Laboratory, FacultyofScience, Ibaraki University, Mito, 310-8512Japanand
MuseumZoologicum Bogoriense, ResearchCenterforBiology, Indonesian InstituteofSciences(LIPI)Jl. Raya
Jakarta-BogorKm. 46, Cibinong, 16911 Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected]
JundchiKojima: NaturalHistoryLaboratory, FacultyofScience, IbarakiUniversity, Mito, 310-8512Japan
Abstract. Three species ofthe genus Sarax are recognized in the Papuan region. Among them, two species, Sarax
newbritainensis,newspecies,fromNewBritain,andS. monodenticulatus,newspecies,fromWaigeoIslandaredescribed.
Saraxnewbritainensis resembles S. willeyiin having the same number ofdenticles on the pedipalpa! tarsus, but they
distinctly differ from each other in body size, form ofcarapace, length oflegs and number and arrangement ofthe
trichobothriaoftibiaoflegIV.SaraxmonodenticulatusisdistinguishedfromtheothertwoPapuanspeciesbypossessinga
singledenticleonthepedipalpaltarsus.Thetaxonomicstatusandthenaturalhistoryofthespeciesarediscussed.
Keywords: Taxonomy,WaigeoIsland,BatantaIsland,NewBritain,PapuaNewGuinea,Indonesia
Whip spiders, or Amblypygi, are flattened arachnids sarawakensis(= S. sarawakensis),werecognizedthreedistinct
characterized by their raptorial pedipalps and the first legs species of Sarax in the Papuan region. Two of them are
modified into extremely elongate antenniform appendages describedhereasnewtoscience,andthetaxonomicstatusof
(Weygoldt2000).Theyaremostlyactiveduringthenightand S. willeyiisdiscussed.
hideunderstones andfallentreesduringtheday. Atotal of
143speciesbelongingto17generainfivefamiliesarecurrently METHODS
known(Harvey2002,2003; Armas&Gadar2004; Weygoldt
2002; 2006; Rahmadi & Harvey 2008). Ofthese, ten species Specimens from the e-WIN expedition examined in this
andtwosubspeciesbelongtothecharinidgenusSaraxSimon study were preserved in 90-95% ethanol and others in 70-
1892, which is known from the Oriental and Papuan region 80%. General terminology and pedipalpal spination follow
2(0I0n5d:i1a2)t.o the Solomons) (Harvey 2003; see also Weygoldt WaenydgoWledstt((21090908)),.aWnedpmeadidpealtphaelmteeramsiunroelmoegnytsfol(linowmsmH)aravnedy
Kraepelin (1895) recorded Sarax sarawakensis (Thorell drawings using, respectively, an ocular micrometer and a
1888) from New Guinea and Solomon Islands, and Pocock drawingtubemountedonastereoscopicdissectingmicroscope
(1898) recorded the species from New Britain based on (Olympus SZX12). To prepare the digital images of the
specimens procured by Dr. A. Willey, the director of the carapace, we compiled multiple focal planes taken with a
Colombo Museum at that time. Gravely (1915) described S. digitalmicroscope(KEYENCEVH-5500) usingthesoftware
willeyibased on the two specimens “preserved in the Indian Helicon Focus4.70(Helicon Soft Ltd. 2009: onlineathttp://
Museum”and“collectedbyDr.WilleyinNewBritain.” www.heliconsoft.com/heliconfocus.html). Inordertoexamine
TheothercharinidgenusoccurringinthePapuanregionis thestructureofgenitaliaweliftedthegenitaloperculum.The
CharinusSimon1892.Thegenusoccurspantropicallywith35 acronymsofthemuseums/institutionsareasfollows: MCSG,
species and in the Papuan region only one species, Charinus Museo Civico di Storia “Giacomo Doria,” Genova, Italy;
papuanusWeygoldt2006,isknown,fromthetypelocalitynear MCZ, Museum ofComparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mas-
PortMoresby,PapuaNewGuinea(Weygoldt2006). sachusetts, USA; MZB, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense,
During a study on whip spiders collected during the Cibinong, Indonesia; MNHN, Museum National d’Histoire
“Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (e-WIN Expedition)” to Raja Naturelle, Paris, France.
Ampat Island, West Papua (organized by the Indonesian TheholotypefemaleofSaraxsarawakensis(Thorell 1888),
Institute of Sciences in 2007 and 2008), and based on the lodged in MCSG and labeled “Sarax saravakensis Thor.
examination ofsome additional specimens from Papua New Sarawak,ViagDoriaandBeccari”wasexaminedtocompare
Guinea and New Britain and the holotype of Charon withthethreeSaraxspeciestreatedbelow.
KEYTOTHECHARINIDWHIPSPIDERSOFTHEPAPUANREGION
1. AbdominalsterniteIIIwithoutventralsaccovers CharinuspapuanusWeygoldt
AbdominalsterniteIIIwithventralsaccovers Sarax...
2. Bodyreddish-brown.TibiaoflegIVwith 17trichobothria(Fig.4d);pedipalpaltarsuswithonedenticle(Fig.4b)
• • • • .Saraxmonodenticulatusnewspecies
Body pale brown ordark greenish-brown. Tibia oflegIVwith 17 or 19 trichobothria; pedipalpal tarsus with two denticles
(Figs.2c,3b) 3
475
——— —
476 THEJOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
Figure 1.—Carapace,a,SaraxwilleyifromBatantaIsland;b,Sarcixmwhritainensis,holotypefromNewBritain;c,Saraxmonodenticulatus,
holotypefromWaigeoIsland.
3. Body pale brown. Legs elongate; tibia ofleg IV with 19 trichobothria (Fig. 3e); trichobothrium bt close to distal margin;
metatarsusoflegI 1.5timesaslongasthefirsttarsalsegment Saraxnewbritainensisnewspecies
Bodydarkgreenish-brown.Legsnotelongate;tibiaoflegIVwith17trichobothria(Fig. 2d);trichobothriumbtlocatingatabout
mid-lengthoffourthbasitibialsegment;metatarsusoflegIaslongasthefirsttarsalsegment SaraxwilleyiGravely
TAXONOMY SaraxwilleyiGravely 1915
(Figs, la,2a-g)
FamiGleynCuhsarSianriadxaeSiQmuoinnte1r8o921986 SarWaexrnweirlle1y9i3G5:r4a7v1e;lyKr1a9u1s5:414917,0,fifgi.gs.7;1M0e-l1l1o;-HLeairtvaeoy12903013::595.;
Sar1a8x99:S25i0m;oPnoco18c9k2:14930,0:14381;;GKrraaveeplelyi1n9151:849451:;45M;elKlroa-eLpeeiltiano Material examined.—INDONESIA: West Papua Province'.
1931:55; Werner 1935:471; Weygoldt 2000:25; ITarvey s3tofneemailnefsor(esMtZBne.aArmbGlu.alE1l9e-g12(000°a5n3d.511'2S1, [1o3v0i°g4e0r.o0u6s']E),, 1u5n6demr
Phr(2Py0sh0nry3iyn:cno7hin.ocysomasirazarexadxGwr[isativch]e)l;SayrWaex1)r9'1n,5e:Wr4e3y71;g9o35lM:ed4lt7l0o2;-0L0We2ei:1ty4ag6oo.ld19t312:05020:(2a5s a2(ls0iMk0mZ)8e,B,s.tWCoAa.nmieRlbealfbh.oemrltea,2sd3tiR,;anoje4vaaimrgAaelmGrepousuaas(tMwUZRimBtehs.geAo7nmcbe(ygl0,g0.s°)lB4,a92t.2u,a8n9nd1'te2Sar5,-Is1s1t2l3o7a0n)n°e,d5,31i.nf18e2sMm'maEaal)ly,el
Typespecies. Sarax:SaraxhrachydactylusSimon 1892,by Yenanas,RajaAmpatRegency,27April2008,C.Rahmadi; 1
originaldesignation. male(MZB.AMbl.128), SololVillage, Salawati Island,7 May
Phrynichosarax: Phrynichosarax cochinensis Gravely 1915, 2008, C. Rahmadi. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: MadangProv-
byoriginaldesignation. ince: 2 males, 3 females (MZB.AMbl. 129-133), 2 males, 2
Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized whip spiders; adult females (MCZ DNA104752), Madang Bitabag Reserve,
body length 4-10 mm. Pedipalpal patella with three large (05°08'19.3"S, 145°46'28.2"E, 109 m ask), 28 March 2006,
primary spines, the distal spine largest, subsequent spines R.M.Clouse,—Ulai&Nataniek
becoming shorter proximally; ventral sac covers present on Diagnosis. Sarax willeyi differs from other congeneric
abdominalsterniteIII. Lateraleyesclosetolateralmarginof species from the region by its small size (adult body length
carapace. Basitibia of leg IV consisting of three or four about4.0-6.2 mm) and dark greenish-brown body. The legs
segments. areproportionallyshorterthanotherspecies. Thepedipalpal
Remarks. ThefamilyCharinidaecurrentlyconsistsofthe tibiahastwospinesontheantero-dorsalmargin;theproximal
following three genera: Sarax, CatageusThorell 1889 with a spinemorethanhalfaslongasthedistalone.Pedipalpaltarsi
single species from Myanmar, and Charinus consisting of35 with two denticles; proximal denticle about halfas long as
species with a circum-tropical distribution (Harvey 2003; distal one. Tibiaofleg IVwith 17 trichobothria; trichoboth-
Weygoldt & Van Damme2004; Weygoldt2006). Saraxis, in riumbemuchclosertoft/thantosbf,andbtataboutmid-length
general, similar to Charinus, especially in the pedipalpal of the fourth basitibial segment (Fig.2d). The metatarsal
patella spination, but clearly distinguished by the presence/ segmentoflegIaslongasthesubsequenttwosegmentstogether.
absenceoftheventralsaccover;inSaraxtheventralsaccover Description. Male: Color in alcohol. Carapace dark
is present, while it is absent in Charinus. Catageus can be greenish-brown with yellow marks centrally. Pedipalps and
distinguishedfromtheothertwogenerabythesecondspineof legs green except as follows: major spines ofpedipalps light
the pedipalpal patella being the largest (in othertwo genera, brown;tibiaandtarsusoflegIwithyellowannulations;distal
the first is the largest) and the proximal spine ofthe antero- and proximal margins of basitibiae of Legs II-IV brown;
dorsal pedipalpal tibia being larger than the distal one distibiaeandtarsi ofLegs II-IVlightgreen. Abdomengreen
(Weygoldt2000). withbrownspotsoneachtergite.
RAHMADI&KOJIMA— OFTHEPAPUANREGION 477
PI
—
Figure 2. Sarcixwilleyi,fromBatantaIsland,a.Externalviewofleftchelicera;b.Sternalareaofcarapace,ventralview;c.Antero-dorsal
viewofleftpedipalp;d.ArrangementoftrichobothriaonthefourthbasitibialsegmentanddistibiaoflegIV;e,f.Malegenitalia(e.ventralview;
fdorsalview);g. Dorsalviewoffemalegonopods.
Carapace (Fig. la): Width about 1.5 times length; surface Chelicera (Fig.2a): Dorsum smooth, with one fine frontal
finely granulate, without setiferous tubercles; median sulcus setaandthreefinelateralsetae.Basalsegmentwithfourteeth:
deep in posterior one-fourth of the carapace, three sulci lowermost tooth largest, uppermost tooth bicuspid, with
runninglaterallyoneachlateralhalfofcarapace;flangewide upper cusp larger than lower cusp; inner surface with seven
and bend upward; anterior margin rounded, with six fine setaearrangedinvertical row; outersurfacewithsmall blunt
frontalsetae. Medianeyetubercleblack,withoutapicalsetae, tooth opposite bicuspid tooth and four setae near proximal
slightly emarginated antero-medially to form heart shape; margin. Movablehandwiththreeteethaboutequal insize.
medianeyesfacingantero-laterally.Lateraleyeclosetolateral Sternum(Fig. 2b): First sternite(= tritosternum)elongate,
marginofcarapace. with paired apical, median and strong basal setae; second
478 THEJOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
and third sternites rounded and flattened, with paired apical femur 1.00-2.28 [0.70-1.90]; patella 1.00-2.60 [1.00-2.40];
setae. tibia 0.40-1.25 [0.28-1.00]; tarsus 0.40-1.00 [0.60-1.25]. Leg
Pedipalp (Fig. 2c): Short and stout. Trochanter with four I: femur 2.50-4.60 [4.60]; patella 0.35-0.50 [0.32-0.50]. Leg
setiferous tubercles arranged in a row along antero-dorsal II: femur 1.75-3.20 [1.48-3.25], patella0.48-0.70 [0.40-0.75];
margin, one spine medially and four setiferous tubercles on basitibia2.08 [0.80-2.25]; distitibia 1.60 [0.84—1.50]; metatar-
antero-ventral margin; ventro-anterior apophysis equipped sus+tarsus 1.60 [0.88-1.50]. Leg III: femur2.25-3.60 [1.68- I
with ten setiferous tubercles present on distal margin of 3.75]; patella0.48-0.70 [0.40-0.75]; basitibia 1.15-2.80 [1.20-
trochanter. Femur with four major spines, some setiferous 3.00]; distitibia 1.28-1.80 [1.00-2.00]; metatarsus+ tarsus
tuberclesandsmalltuberclesintheantero-dorsalpart,length 1.05-1.60 [1.00-2.00], Leg IV: femur 1.85-3.20 [1.52-3.50];
ofspineF1>F2>F3>F4;areawithoutsetiferoustuberclesor patella 0.35-0.70 [0.40-0.70]; basitibia 1.60-3.00 [1.20-3.15]; I
smalltuberclesformingnarrowbandrunninglengthwisefrom distitibia 1.00-1.6() [0.80-1.65]; metatarsus+tarsus0.95-1.60
proximal to distal margin; four major spines, several minor [0.80-1.75].—
spinesandsmalltuberclesonantero-ventralmargin;onespine Remarks. Sarax wUleyiwas described by Gravely (1915)
presentdorsallyofFIandaslongas3/4lengthofFI,lengthof based on two specimens collected by Dr. A. Willey in New
spine FI>FII>FIII, three minorspines between FI and FII. Britain, which were stated to be in the Indian Museum in
Patella with four major spines, several minor spines, several Calcutta. Pocock(1898)examinedthespecimenscollectedby
setiferous tubercles and small tubercles on antero-dorsal Dr. A. Willey in New Britain, compared them with Sarax
margin; length of spine P1>P2>P3>P4, two minor spines specimens from Luzon Island and Andaman Islands, and
(one in several specimens) between PI and distal margin of havingagreedwith Kraepelin (1895), heconcludedthatonly
patella; three major spines, several setiferous tubercles and the single species, S. sarawakensis, was recognized in Sarax.
small tubercles on antero-ventral margin, length of spines Although Gravely (1915) didnotreferto Pocock (1898), the
PI>PII>PIII. Tibia with two major spines on antero-dorsal specimens collected by Dr Willey in New Britain that they
margin,lengthofproximalspinemorethanhalfthatofdistal examinedmayhavebeenthesame.
one; onemajorspineonantero-ventralmarginclosetodistal Gravely(1915)distinguishedS. wiileyifromS.sarawakensis
margin of tibia; outer surface of the tibia with several bytheproximalspineofthepedipalpaltarsusbeingmorethan !
setiferous tubercles, finely granulate. Tarsus completely halfaslongasthedistalone(lessthanhalfinS.sarawakensis).
divided (claw clearly demarcated by articulation), with two The specimens from Batanta Island, Salawati Island, and '
denticlesonantero-dorsalmargin;proximaldenticleabout3/4 Madang in Papua New Guinea that we examined have the
aslongasdistaldenticle;cleaningorganventrallywithabout proximal spine of the pedipalpal tibia longer than halfthe j
30modifiedhairs;apotelepresent. length of the distal spine. The holotype of Charon sarawa-
,
Legs (Fig. 2d): Femora of Legs I-IV with small tubercles kensis (= Sarax sarawakensis), on the other hand, has the
bearingsetae.TibiaandtarsusoflegIconsistingof23and41 pedipalpaltibiawiththeproximalspineshorterthanhalfthe
segments,respectively;tibiaeofLegsIIandIIItwo-segmented; length of distal one. In addition, the holotype of C i
basitibia ofleg IV four-segmented, fourth segment with one sarawakensis has the pedipalpal tarsus armed with two very
|
trichobothrium(valueinparentheses:ratioofthedistancefrom small denticles, while all of our specimens identified as S.
the trichobothrium to the proximal margin of the segment wiileyi have the pedipalpal tarsus with two rather long Ij
againstthelengthofthesegment),bt(0.50);distitibiaeofLegs denticles. All the distribution records of S. sarawakensis in
II-IVeachwith 16trichobothria(Fig. 2d),/?/'(0.07),sbf(0.31), the PapuanregionsincludingSolomon IslandsandBismarck I
he(0.17),blataboutmid-lengthofthesegment,beclosetobf Archipelago, such as reported by Kraepelin (1899), need ;
thantosbf.TarsiofLegs II-IVfour-segmented;firstsegment reconfirmation. At this moment, it is reasonably considered
aboutaslongaslengthofsubsequentthreesegmentscombined; that S. sarawakensis is restricted, in its distribution, to the
|
sseecgomnedntsweigthmoeunttobwliitqhuelsiligth;tp-uylevlillolwiprtersaennstv.erse line; fourth OriNeanttuarlalreghiiosnto.ry.—We found this whip spider most often
Genitalia(Figs. 2e,0: Coveredventrallybygenitalopercu- under stones, and when specimens werecollected duringthe !
lum;pairedapically-pointedsmallmedianprojectionspresent day, they were found in a resting position attached to the \
atposteriormargin;twobrownmarkspresentnearthebaseof underside ofa stone on forest floor. We also collected some
projections (Fig. 2e). In dorsal view, paired anteriorly- individualsunderfallentreesinSalawatiIsland.Accordingto
rounded brown bands present; paired weakly-sclerotized thecollectiondata, thespecimensfromMadang,PapuaNew
brownmarkingspresentmedially(Fig. 2f). Guineawereco—llectedunderrottenlogs.
Female: Similartothemale. Gonopodswithpaired finger- Distribution. This speciesoccurs in NewBritain(Gravely
likMeeaapsiucralelmyenptosi.n—tedMaplroeje(cnti=on7s),(F[ifge.ma2lg)e.(n = 9)]; valuesfor P1r91o5v)i,ncaenodfIisndohneerseian,eawlnydirnetchoerdMeaddafrnogmPrtohveinWceesotfPPaappuuaa
segments of the appendages are their lengths. Body length NewGuinea(Fig. 5).
(excludingchelicera)4.00-6.20[4.04-6.95]. Carapace: median Saraxnewbritainemisnewspecies
length 1.75-2.40 [1.48-2.70]; width 1.50-3.60 [2.08-3.75];
0m.e0d5]i;andiesyteasncteo abnettewreioernmlaartgeiranloefyecsara0p.a9c2e-10..7024—[00..0850-[10..750]4;— Typematerial.—Holo(tFiygpse, mlba,le3,a-Pha)pua New Guinea, East
lateral eye to anterior margin of carapace 0.25-0.40 [0.20- New Britain Province, New Britain Island, Resurgence Lali
0.40]; lateral eye to lateral margin of carapace 0.08-0.25 Bairaman(GPScoord,aprox.05°39'32.59"S, 15ri2'39.91"E),
[0.04-0.25]. Pedipalps: trochanter 0.40-0.80 [0.32-0.75]; 17 February 2005, R. Sougeat (Expe Papou 2005)
RAHMADI&KOJIMA— OFTHEPAPUANREGION 479
—
Figure 3. Saraxnewhritainensis,newspecies,fromNewBritain, PapuaNewGuinea,a.Externalviewofleftchelicerae;b.Antero-dorsal
viewofleftpedipalp;c.Antero-ventralofleftpedipalpaltrochanter;d.Leftpedipalpaltibia;e.Arrangementoftrichobothriaonfourthbasitibial
segmentanddistibiaofleftlegIV;f,g.Malegenitalia(f.dorsalview;g.ventralview);h.Dorsalviewoffemalegonopods.
(MNHN.Am.6). Paratype: 1 female,samelocalitydataasthe with 19 trichobothria, arranged with be situating near the
holotype(MZB—.Ambl.134). middle ofbfandsbfand btclose to thedistal margin ofthe
Etymology. The specific name refers to the island where fourthbasitibi—alsegment.
thetypeloca—lityislocated. Description. Male:Colorinalcohol:Carapacelightbrown
Diagnosis. Sarax newbritainensis differs from all other with darker marks; pedipalps brown but pedipalpal tarsus
congenericspeciesintheregionbythelargeadultbodylength lightbrown. Legs I-IVyellowishbrown,withoutannulations
(about8.25-9.5mm)andthepalebrownbody.Thecarapace exceptfortibiaandtarsusofleg I havingwhiteannulations;
isproportionallyless wide, without distinct lateral sulci, and patelladarkbrown.
the eyes are reduced in size. The pedipalpal tarsus has two Carapace (Fig. lb): Width about 1.3 times the length;
rather long denticles, separated from each other by about surfacefinelygranulate,sparselywithsmalltubercles,without
twicethebasaldiameterofthedenticle;theproximaldenticle setiferoustubercles;sulcusdeepanddistinctonposteriorone-
isabouthalfaslongasthedistalone. Thelegsareelongate; fourthofcarapace.Flangepresentfromleveloflateraleyesto
metatarsi of leg II-IV are longer than the length of the posteriormargin,wideandbentupwardalonglateralmargin,
subsequent three tarsal segments combined. Tibia ofleg IV narrow on posterior margin. Anterior margin of carapace
480 THEJOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
rounded,withsixfrontalsetaeandfoursmallfinesetaeclose longer than length of subsequent three segments combined;
toeachantero-lateralcorner;slightlyconcaveinpartanterior second segment with light yellow transverse line; fourth
tolateraleyes.Medianeyetubercleblack,withoutapicalseta, segmentwithoutobliqueslit;pulviliipresent.
slightly reduced in size, slightly emarginated antero-medially Genitalia (Figs. 3f, g): Covered ventrally by genital oper-
toformheartshape;eyesfacingantero-laterally. Lateraleyes culum, of which posterior margin is equipped with paired 'i
close to lateral margin of carapace, distance between them setae; posteriorly with paired ventral and dorsal lobes, the
about the diameter of the lateral eye, normal pigmentation dorsallobesmallerthanventralone(Fig. 3f). Indorsalview,
andtapetum. Frontalprocesstriangular,visiblefromabove. submedianbrownbandsrunningfromanteriormargintothe If
Chelicera (Fig. 3a): Dorsum smooth, with three setiferous middle; inner margin of median lobe with brown region
tuberclesand two finefrontalsetae. Basal segmentwithfour weaklysclerotized; brownspotpresentoneachmedian lobe. i
teeth: the lowermost tooth largest, the uppermost tooth In ventral view, base ofventral lobe with a narrow brown \
bicuspid, with upper cusp larger than lower cusp; inner band(Fig. 3g).
surface with 14setae arranged invertical rownearproximal Female: Similar to the male but differing as follows: I ^
margin; outer surface with small blunt tooth opposite the carapace slightly darker; chelicera with three frontal fine
bicuspid tooth, and with five setae arranged in vertical row. setae; meta-sternum slightly more elongate, with two apical u
Movablehandwithfiveteeth;secondtoothlargest. setae; tibia and tarsus of leg I respectively with 26 and 42 I
Sternum: First sternite (= tritosternum) elongate, with segments. Gonopodssoft,cone-shaped, withseveralsetaeon 4
paired apical and strong median setae, five setae between marginofgenital—operculum(Fig. 3h).
apical and median setae and 12 small setae at base. Second Measurements. Male (holotype, MNHN.Am.6) [female
and third sternites rounded, with paired apical setae; second (paratype, MZB.Ambl.134)]; values for segments of the
withsixbasalsetae; thirdwithfivebasalsetae. appendagesaretheirlengths:Bodylength(excludingchelicera)
Pedipalp (Figs. 3b-d): Short and stout, with several 9.50 [8.25]. Carapace: median length 3.75 [3.50], width 5.00
setiferous tubercles. Trochanter with a row of seven [5.00]; median eye to anterior margin 0.05 [0.05], distance
setiferous tubercles on antero-dorsal margin, six setiferous betweenlateraleyes2.60[2.25],lateraleyetoanteriormargin
tubercles dorsally and one median spine on antero-ventral 0.60 [0.65], lateral eye lateral margin 0.20 [0.25], Pedipalps:
margin, medially with one spine and eight setiferous trochanter1.00[1.15],femur3.20[2.50],patella3.25[3.00],tibia f
tubercles; ventral anterior apophysis equipped with several 1.50[1.25],tarsus1.60[1.50].LegI:femur10.00[10.15],patella \
setiferous tubercles in basal part present on distal margin of 0.75[0.75].Leg11:femur6.00[5.75],patella1.00[1.00],basitibia
trochanter (Fig. 3c). Femur with four major spines, several 5.00[4.90],distitibia3.00[2.90],metatarsus+tarsus2.55[2.60]. i
setiferous tubercles and small tubercles on antero-dorsal Leg III: femur 7.25 [6.50], patella 1.10 [1.25], basitibia 6.35 i
part, length of spine F1>F2>F3>F4; four major spines, [6.25],distitibia3.50[3.25],metatarsus-htarsus2.95 [3.00], Leg i
several setiferous tubercles and small tubercles on antero- IV: femur6.50 [5.75], patella 1.00 [1.00], basitibia 7.25 [6.75], I
ventral margin, one spine presentdorsally ofFI and as long distitibia2.9—5[2.75],metatarsus-htarsus3.00[3.00].
as 3/4 length ofFI, length ofspine FI>FII>FIII>FIV, one Remarks. Saraxnewbritainensis is distinguished fromthe
minor spine between FI and FII. Patella with four major otherSaraxspeciesknownfromNewBritain,S. willeyi,bythe
spines, several setiferous tubercles and small tubercles on generally larger body, the distinctly paler coloration, the
antero-dorsal margin, length of spine P1>P2>P3>P4; one carapaceproportionallylesswide(about 1.3timesaswideas
setiferous tubercle and one spine between PI and distal long,whileabout 1.5timesinS. willeyi)andwithoutdistinct
margin of patella, the spine as long as half length of PI; lateral sulci, the eyes reduced in size, the strongly elongated
threemajorandoneminorspines,severalsetiferoustubercles legs,andthenumberandarrangementofthetrichobothriaas
and small tubercles on antero-ventral margin, length of giveninthekey. —
spines PI>PII>PIII. Tibiawith twomajorspinesonantero- Natural history. We collected the specimens of S. new-
dorsal margin, length ofproximal spine more than halfthe britainensisfromthecavescalledResurgenceofLaliBairaman
lengthofdistalone(Fig. 3d);antero-ventralmarginwithone inNewBritain.Thespecieshascharacteristicstypicalofcave
major spine; outer surface finely granulate, with several dwellerssucha—ssmalleyes,elongatelegs,andpalebodycolor.
sdeetmiafrercoautsedtubbeyrclaerst.icuTlaartsiuons),cowmiptlhettelwyoddievnitdiecldes(colanwacnlteearrol-y locDailsittryibiuntiNoen.wBTrhiitasinsp(ePcaiepsuaisNekwnoGwuninoenal)y(Ffirgo.m5).the type 1
dorsalmargin: proximaldenticleslightlylongerthanhalfthe
lengthofdistalone,distancebetweenthemaboutthreetimes Saraxmomdenticulatmnewspecies
basal diameterofproximaldenticle; cleaningorganventrally — (Figs. Ic,4a-h)
with 28-30 modified hairs; several blunt setae on inner Type material. Holotype male, Indonesia, West Papua
surface oftarsus; apotele present. Province, Waigeo Island, Mumes (00°21.23'S, 130°58.93'E),
Legs (Fig. 3e): Femora of Legs IIV with small setiferous understoneinlimestoneforest.RajaAmpatRegency, 10June
tubercles. Tibia and tarsus ofleg I with 23 and41 segments, 2007, C. Rahmadi, E-Win 2007 LIPI (MZB.Ambl.135).
respectively;tibiaeoflegIIandIIItwo-segmented;basitibiaof Paratypes: 1female(MZB.Ambl.136), 1male(MNHN.Am.7),
legIVfour-segmented:fourthsegmentwithonetrichobothrium 2juveniles(MZB.Ambl.140), samedataasholotype;4males
(valuein parenthesesasforS. willeyi),ht(0.57);distitibiaeof (MZB.Ambl.137, 138, 141, 143), 3 females (MZB.Ambl.139,
LegsII-IVwith 18trichobothria,/>/(0,13),56/(0.32),be(0.23), 142,144), Air Dingin Monfaya (Resurgence), Wairabiae
btclosetodistalmargin,beatthemiddleof6/andsbf,(Fig. 3e). Lopintol {00°18.13'S, 130°56.09'E), understone in limestone
Tarsi of Legs II-IV four-segmented; first segment slightly forest. RajaAmpatRegency,4June2007,C. Rahmadi.
—
RAHMADI&KOJIMA—SAi?AA'OFTHEPAPUANREGION 481
—
Figure 4. Saraxmonodenticulatus,newspecies,fromWaigeoIsland,Indonesia,a.Externalviewofleftchelicerae;b.Antero-dorsalviewof
leftpedipalp;c.Antero-ventralviewofleftpedipalpaltrochanter;d.Arrangementoftrichobothriaonfourthbasitibialsegmentanddistibiaof
leftlegIV;e.ApicalfourtibialandbasalfivetarsalsegmentsofantenniformlegI;f,g.Malegenitalia(f.dorsalview;g.ventralview);h.Dorsal
viewoffemalegonopods.
—
Etymology. Thespecificnamereferstothepresenceofone pedipalpal tarsus light brown. Legs I-IV brown, without
denticleont—hepedipalpaltarsus. annulations,buttibiaandtarsusoflegIyellowishbrown,with
Diagnosis. Sarax monodenticulatus differs from other white annulations. Basitibiae of Legs II-IV brown; their
congeneric species in the region by being small- to medium- distibiaeandtarsigreenish-brown.Abdomendarkbrown;each
sized (adult body length 2.5-6.5 mm) and with a reddish- tergitewithyellowmarginallineandlight-brownspots.
brown carapace. The pedipalpal tarsus has a single denticle. Carapace(Fig. Ic):Widthabout 1.5timesitslength;surface
Metatarsus ofleg I as long as the subsequent two segments finely granulate; frontal area with dense, small tubercles,
together; short- and long-segment alternating combination without setiferous tubercles; median sulcus present in poste-
presentinsecondtoeleventhtarsal segments. rior one-fourth of the carapace. Flange present in area
Description. Male: Color in alcohol: Carapace dark red- posteriortolateraleyes,widebutnarrowinposteriormargin,
dish-brown with darker marks; pedipalp dark brown but bent upward. Anteriormargin ofcarapace rounded, with six
—
I
482 THEJOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
frontalsetaeandsomefinesetaeclosetoantero-lateralcorner. segmented; first segment about as long as length of the >
Median eye tubercle black, without apical setae, slightly subsequent three segments combined; second segment with i
emarginatedantero-mediallytoformheartshape;eyesfacing light yellow transverse line; fourth segment without oblique
antero-laterally. Lateral eye large, withnormal pigmentation slit;pulvillipresent. I
and tapetum, separated from lateral margin ofcarapace by Genitalia (Figs.4f, g): Covered ventrally by genital oper- |^
about its diameter. Frontal process triangular, visible from culumequippedwith several setae; distallywithpaired small
above. submedian lobes. In dorsal view, with paired large median ^I
Chelicera (Fig.4a): Dorsumsmooth, with two fine frontal lobes, ofwhich distal margins are brown; four longitudinal
setae and several setae on dorsal and lateral parts ofouter sclerotized bandspresentposteriortomedian lobes(Fig.4f).
margin. Basal segment with four teeth: lowermost tooth In ventral view, brownband presentnearbaseofdistal lobe
largest,uppermosttoothbicuspid,withuppercusplargerthan (Fig.4g)
lowerone;innersurfacewitheightsetaearrangedinavertical Female: Similar to the male. Gonopods soft and cone-
trooowthclaonsedtfoivpersoextiameanleamrarpgrionx;imoaultemrasrugrifna.ceMowivtahblaesmhaalnldbwliutnht shaMpeeadsu(rFeimge.n4ths).—Male (n = 5) [female (« = 4)]; values for !I
twoteethcloseto theproximalmargin. segments of the appendages are their lengths; Body length i!
Sternum: First sternite (= tritosternum) elongate, with (excludingchelicera)4.88-6.48 [2.48-5.60]. Carapace: median
paired apical and median setae, paired small setae between length 1.88-2.60 [2.00-2.48], width 2.60-3.72 [3.00-3.60]; |
apicalandmediansetae,andfoursmallsetaebasally. Second medianeyestoanteriormargin0.04-0.08[0.04-0.08],distance ,
andthirdsternitesrounded,eachwith pairedapicalsetae. between lateral eyes 1.20-1.80 [1.40-1.72], lateral eye to i|i
Pedipalp (Figs.4b, c): Strong and slender, with several anterior margin 0.28-0.44 [0.36-0.40], lateral eye to lateral ;;
setiferoustuberclesandsmalltubercles.Antero-dorsalmargin margin0.12-0.16[0.08-0.16]. Pedipalps: trochanter0.40-1.00
of trochanter with four setiferous tubercles dorsally, two [0.60-0.80], femur 1.20-3.08 [1.40-2.20], patella 1.40-3.52 j
spinesandseven setiferoustuberclesventrally; antero-ventral [1.60-2.64], tibia 0.60-1.20 [0.68-1.00], tarsus 0.08-1.12 j
marginwithventralanteriorapophysisbasallyequippedwith [0.60-1.20]. Leg I: femur 3.08-5.40 [3.40-4.80], patella 0.52- jIj
several setiferous tubercles; ventral anterior apophysis with 0.60 [0.40-0.48]. Leg II: femur 2.00-3.40 [2.40-3.20], patella
one spine medially and one spine dorsally (Fig.4c). Femur 0.48-0.64[0.48-0.72],basitibia1.3^2.40[i.60-2.40],distitibia
with fourmajorspines, severalsetiferous tuberclesand small 1.12-1.60[1.20-1.60],metatarsus+tarsus1.00-1.60[1.20-1.36], !
sFc1al>eFs2>oFn3>tFh4e; afnivteermoa-djoorrsaslpinemsa,rgtiwno, milennogrthspionfes,sfpoiuner 0L.e6g0],III:bafseitmiubria2.410.-848-.30.032[2.8[01-.38.86-03].,00]p,ateldlisati0t.i4b8ia-0.17.220[-01..5860- !j
setiferoustuberclesandsmallscalespresentonantero-ventral [1.36-1.68], metatarsus+tarsus 1.20-1.60 [1.20-1.44]. Leg IV:
margin,onespinepresentdorsallyofFIandaboutaslongas femur 1.20-3.48 [2.40-3.28], patella 0.60-2.80 [0.44-0.60],
3/4 length ofFI, length ofspine FI>FII>FIII>FIV, single basitibia 0.48-3.20 [2.16-3.04], distitibia 1.40-2.80 [1.40-
minor spine present between FII and Fill and between Fill 1.60],metata—rsus+tarsus 1.04—1.80[1.20-1.52], '
and FIV. Patella with four major spines, several setiferous Remarks. This species is the only Papuan Sarax with a
tuberclesand smallscalesonantero-dorsal margin, lengthof single denticle on the pedipalpal tarsus. The other Sarax jJ
spineP1>P2>P3>P4,oneminorspinepresentbetweendistal species that have the single denticle on thepedipalpal tarsus j|j
margin and PI and as long as halfofthe length ofPI, two areS.javensis(Gravely 1915)distributedinWestJavaandS. [i1
spinesandonssetiferoustuberclepresentbetweenP4andthe cochinensis(Gravely 1915)knownfromtheWesternGhatsin I
proximal margin; three major spines and one minor spine, Cochin,India.Gravely(1915)distinguishedthetwospeciesby j
mseavregrianl,seltiefnegrtohusotfubesrpcilneesaPnId>Ps1mIa>llPIsIcIa,lesoonneanmtienroo-rvenstprianle athnedldeinsgttihncot,ftwhheildeentiinclSe.;jtahveendseinsticitleisofmiS.nuctoechi(nseeseisGrisavleolnyg ||^
betweenPHIandtheproximalmargin.Tibiawithtwomajor 1915:figs. 2, 3). Saraxmonodenticulatusisdistinguishedfrom j;|^
spinesonantero-dorsalmargin:proximalspineslightlylonger these two species by having four-segmented basitibia (single- j
than half of distal one; one major spine on antero-ventral ortwo-segmentedinS. cochinensisandthree-segmentedinS.
wmiatrhginsetcilfoesreoutso dtiusbtearlclmeasrgairnr;anoguteedrisnurftahcreeefinreolwys.graTnaurlsaurs, javNeanstiusra[lseehiGsrtoarvye.l—yW1e915:c4o3l7l]e)c.ted specimens of this species |
completelydivided (clawclearlydemarcated byarticulation), mostly singly under stones in limestone forests. During the 1
withonedenticleonantero-dorsalmargin;bluntsetaepresent explorationofcavefaunainWaigeoIsland,itwasneverfound ?;
oninnersurface;cleaningorganventrallywith27-28modified withinthecaves.
hairs;apotelepresent. Distribution. Saraxmonodenticulatus is known onlyfrom r
Legs (Figs.4d, e): Femora ofLegs I-IV with small scales WaigeoIsland(Indonesia)(Fig. 5).
andsetaeformingalongitudinalrow.TibiaandtarsusoflegI DISCUSSION
with23 and41 segments, respectively(Fig.4e); tibiae oflegs
II-III two-segmented; basitibia ofleg IV four-segmented (in The first record ofwhip spiders ofthe genus Sarax from \\
some specimens left basitibia three-segmented): fourth (third New Guinea was by Kraepelin (1895), who reported
inspecimenwith three basitibia! segments) segmentwith one specimenswithoutgivinganyprecisedataunderthenameS. t
trichobothrium (value in parentheses as for S. willeyi) bt sarawakensis,whichwasoriginallydescribedfromBorneoby i
(0.61); distitibiae of legs II-IV each with 16 trichobothria Thorel!(1888).Kraepelin(1895)alsotreatedS.brachydactylus i
(Fig.4d),6/(0.10),56/(0.30),he(0.17),beaboutthemiddleof Simon 1892describedfromLuzonIsland,thePhilippines,asa J
6/'andshf,btclosetodistal margin. TarsioflegsII-IVfour- synonym of S. sarawakensis. Pocock (1898) recorded S. '.j
I
RAHMADI&KOJIMA— THEPAPUANREGION 483
130 135 140 145 150
Figure 5.—MapshowingthedistributionofcharinidspeciesinthePapuanregion.Symbolsused:circle,SanixwilleyifromBatantaIsland,
Salawati Island(Indonesia), Madangand New Britain (Papua NewGuinea); flower, Sciraxnewhritciinensis, newspecies from New Britain;
rectangle, Sarax monodenticulatus, new species from Waigeo Island (Indonesia); polygon, Charimispapucmiis from Port Moresby (Papua
NewGuinea).
sarawakensis from New Britain and, following the view of amongst Sarax, while several species of a similar genus,
Kraepelin (1895), remarked on its occurrence in Borneo, the Charimis, are known to have such features (Baptista &
Philippines, and New Guinea. Gravely (1915), on the other Giupponi 2002; Weygoldt et al. 2002; Weygoldt & Van
hand,describedaspeciesfromNewBritainasdistinctfromS. Damme2004).
sarawakensisunderthenameSalaxwilleyi,possiblybasedon
thespecimensthatPocock(1898)identifiedas5.sarawakensis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
(see remarks in the section of5”. willeyi). Consequently, the
occurrence of S. sarawakensis in the Papuan region needs MarkJudson(MNHN, Paris, France)andGiuliano Doria
reconfirmation.AmongthespecimensfromthePapuanregion (MCSG, Genova, Italy) arranged the first author’s access to
we have so far examined, we have not recognized any the specimens in their respective institutes. Franck Brehier
specimensofS. sarawakensis. (Toulouse, France) provided the first author with an
SaraxnewbritainensisisverysimilartoS. willeyi,butcanbe opportunity to examine the specimens from New Britain.
distinguishedfromS. willeyibythenumberandarrangement CollectionsofS. willeyibyR.M.Clouse,UlaiandNatanielin
of the trichobothria. Compared with S. willeyi and 5”. Papua New Guinea were funded by Putnam Expedition
monodenticulatus, both of which live outside caves, S. Grants (MCZ) for R. M. Clouse (Harvard University) who
newbritainensis is larger in adult body size, has a pale body arranged a loan of the specimens. Daisy Wowor and Hari
color, smallermedian andlateral eyes, and stronglyelongate Nugroho (Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Indone-
legs, all characteristics highly adapted to cave environments. sia)organizedthezoologicalteamintheE-WINExpeditionto
Such troglomorphic features have not so far been reported Waigeo Islandand Batanta Island. Matjaz Kuntnercritically
484 THEJOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
read an earlierdraftofthemanuscriptand provided uswith Rahmadi, C. & M.S. Harvey. 2008. The first epigean species of
commentsandsuggestionstoimprovethemanuscript. Stygophryniis(Charontidae, Amblypygi) from Javaandadjacent
Islands with notes on S. dammermani Roewer, 1928. Raffles
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