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ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE
REPORT OF THE
HUNDRED AND TWENTIETH ROUND TABLE
ON TRANSPORT ECONOMICS
held in Cambridge (United Kingdom) on 12th-13th September 2001
on the following topic:
WHAT ROLE FOR THE RAILWAYS
IN EASTERN EUROPE?
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT (ECMT)
The European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) is an inter-governmental organisation
established by a Protocol signed in Brussels on 17 October 1953. It is a forum in which Ministers
responsible for transport, and more specifically the inland transport sector, can co-operate on policy.
Within this forum, Ministers can openly discuss current problems and agree upon joint approaches aimed
at improving the utilisation and at ensuring the rational development of European transport systems
of international importance.
At present, the ECMT’s role primarily consists of:
– helping to create an integrated transport system throughout the enlarged Europe that is economically
and technically efficient, meets the highest possible safety and environmental standards and
takes full account of the social dimension;
– helping also to build a bridge between the European Union and the rest of the continent at a
political level.
The Council of the Conference comprises the Ministers of Transport of 41 full Member countries:
Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Finland, France, FYR Macedonia, Georgia, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. There are six Associate
member countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea and the United States)
and two Observer countries (Armenia and Morocco).
A Committee of Deputies, composed of senior civil servants representing Ministers, prepares
proposals for consideration by the Council of Ministers. The Committee is assisted by working groups,
each of which has a specific mandate.
The issues currently being studied – on which policy decisions by Ministers will be required –
include the development and implementation of a pan-European transport policy; the integration of
Central and Eastern European Countries into the European transport market; specific issues relating to
transport by rail, road and waterway; combined transport; transport and the environment; the social costs
of transport; trends in international transport and infrastructure needs; transport for people with mobility
handicaps; road safety; traffic management; road traffic information and new communications technologies.
Statistical analyses of trends in traffic and investment are published regularly by the ECMT and
provide a clear indication of the situation, on a trimestrial or annual basis, in the transport sector in
different European countries.
As part of its research activities, the ECMT holds regular Symposia, Seminars and Round Tables on
transport economics issues. Their conclusions serve as a basis for formulating proposals for policy
decisions to be submitted to Ministers.
The ECMT’s Documentation Service has extensive information available concerning the transport
sector. This information is accessible on the ECMT Internet site.
For administrative purposes the ECMT’s Secretariat is attached to the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Publié en français sous le titre :
Quel rôle pour les chemins de fer en Europe de l’Est?
Further information about the ECMT is available on Internet at the following address:
www.oecd.org/cem
© ECMT 2002 – ECMT Publications are distributed by: OECD Publications Service,
2, rue André Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY REPORTS
Report by J. SIEGMANN (Germany).........................................................................................5
1. Situation of railways before the lifting of the Iron Curtain................................................9
2. Development of the railways since 1990.........................................................................10
3. Current position of the Central and Eastern European railways......................................11
4. Future role of the railways...............................................................................................17
5. Conclusions......................................................................................................................23
Report by L. THOMPSON (United States)...............................................................................27
Railways in Eastern Europe...................................................................................................29
1. Setting the scene: when past was not prologue...............................................................31
2. Transition: the dam breaks..............................................................................................39
3. The changing environment for transport and for railways...............................................45
4. Future rail structures in the CEE/CIS countries: where to from here?...........................50
5. Summing up.....................................................................................................................58
Report by M. PONTI (Italy).......................................................................................................61
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................65
2. The decline of the system: contingent and structural aspects.........................................65
3. A "Kuznetsian" approach: what happened to the Western European railways...............70
4. The role of the State.........................................................................................................74
5. The main issue: land-use control.....................................................................................76
6. Freight and passenger services.........................................................................................80
7. Eastern railways and "open access" competition.............................................................82
Report by M. BROWN (United Kingdom)...............................................................................87
The future of railways in Central and Eastern Europe...........................................................89
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................91
2. External threats to rail......................................................................................................93
3. The threat from within.....................................................................................................94
4. Barriers to competitiveness..............................................................................................97
5. Adaptability, measures and efficiency...........................................................................104
6. Actions plans..................................................................................................................114
7. The way forward............................................................................................................122
8. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................125
3
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS
(Round Table debate on reports).................................................................................................127
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS..............................................................................................................141
4
Jürgen SIEGMANN
Fachgebiet Schienenfahrwege und Bahnbetrieb
Technische Universität Berlin
Germany
5
SUMMARY
1. SITUATION OF RAILWAYS BEFORE THE LIFTING OF THE IRON CURTAIN..................9
1.1. Spatial definition......................................................................................................................9
1.2. The role of the railways in COMECON..................................................................................9
2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAILWAYS SINCE 1990...............................................................10
3. CURRENT POSITION OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN RAILWAYS...............11
3.1. Restructuring processes........................................................................................................11
3.2. Transport performance.........................................................................................................12
3.3. Detailed review of Poland....................................................................................................13
3.4. Baltic states: (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania)............................................................................15
3.5. Czech Republic and Slovakia..............................................................................................15
3.6. Hungary................................................................................................................................15
3.7. Bulgaria and Romania..........................................................................................................16
3.8. Slovenia................................................................................................................................16
3.9. Yugoslavia (Serbia), Bosnia-Herzegovina, etc....................................................................16
3.10. Problems at borders.............................................................................................................16
4. FUTURE ROLE OF THE RAILWAYS.......................................................................................17
4.1. Change of framework conditions...........................................................................................17
4.2. Development of rail infrastructure.........................................................................................17
4.3. Long-distance passenger transport.........................................................................................21
4.4. Local passenger transport.......................................................................................................22
4.5. Rail freight traffic..................................................................................................................22
5. CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................................................................23
BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................25
Berlin, May 2001
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