Table Of ContentWhat Animals Want:
Expertise and advocacy
in laboratory animal
welfare policy
LARRY CARBONE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
What Animals Want
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a LARRY CARBONE
What Animals Want
Expertise and advocacy in
laboratory animal welfare policy
1
2004
3
Oxford New York
Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai
Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata
Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi
São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto
Copyright © 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.,
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Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carbone, Larry.
What animals want : expertise and advocacy in laboratory
animal welfare policy / Larry Carbone.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-19-516196-3
1. Animal experimentation. 2. Laboratory animals.
3. Animal welfare. I. Title.
HV4915.C37 2004
179�4 —dc22 2003058032
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
For David
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Acknowledgments
;
medicine was inevitable. But neither my love for animals nor my veterinary train-
ing prepared me for the conflicting feelings that life in an animal laboratory would
bring; those conflicts led me to write this book.
A first book is a time to thank everyone who has brought the author to the
point of publication. Older first-time authors and those who have needed the
most help are challenged to highlight a few dozen from the cast of thousands.
My parents encouraged my animal mania, despite the parade of strange ani-
mals that it brought into their house. Mentors and coworkers over the years helped
me develop my knowledge and skills. Five stand out for pushing me to put
that fascination with animals into a moral context of human responsibility. For
this, I thank Fred Quimby, Richard Farinato, Katherine O’Rourke, Jerry Shing,
and, especially, Barbara Lok. They lectured me more than I was comfortable with
when I slacked, but mostly, they stand out more for the roles they modeled than
for the words they spoke.
Two people’s illness and death brought pain and sadness to my years of writ-
ing. My father, John Carbone, died of Alzheimer’s disease at the start of this proj-
ect, while my friend Joe DelPonte passed away midway through. They gave me love
through the years, while their illnesses taught me that, no, I cannot call for an
abolition to animal research, no matter my oath as a veterinarian to relieve animal
suffering.
Several people read drafts of various chapters or provided historical and pho-
tographic resources, trusting me to do right by what they offered. For their assis-
tance, some of it stretching out a decade or more, I thank Douglas Allchin, Tim
Allen, Donna Artuso, Marc Bekoff, Gary Block, Nathan Brewer, Clive Coward,
Mary Dallman, Jerry Depoyster, Katie Eckert, John Gluck, Steve Hilgartner,
Katherine Houpt, Sheila Jasanoff, Mike Kreger, Hugh LaFollette, Hal Herzog,
Christina Johnson, Susi D. Jones, Erin Kalagassy, Ron Kline, Monica Lawlor, Cathy
Liss, Joy Mench, Adrian Morrison, David Morton, Anne Neill, Barbara Orlans,
Trevor Pinch, Will Provine, Fred Quimby, Christopher Read, Viktor Reinhardt,
and Martin Stephens, as well as the staffs of the Animal Welfare Information Cen-
ter, the Animal Welfare Institute, the Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources,
viii a ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
the Foundation for Biomedical Research, and the Animal and Plant Health Inspec-
tion Service. I especially thank my quartet of unofficial academic advisers—Arnie
Arluke, Bernie Rollin, Jerry Tannenbaum, and Andrew Rowan—and my Oxford
University Press editors, Kirk Jensen, Anne Rockwood, Heather Hartman, and
Karla Pace.
My hosts in disparate places allowed me to stretch limited research dollars
through their hospitality. Thus I thank Eva, Ned, and Emily Butler, Richard and
Ari Entlich, Ilene Gaffin, Susi D. Jones, the late Richard LaFarge, the Mogan/King
family, Anita Piccolie, Pat Roos, and Jae Wise. Robert Nagell took me in on several
occasions during my travels, while Rod Hudson gave me free rein in his home dur-
ing my several months of work in our nation’s capital: may anyone who reads this
open their homes generously to them on my behalf. Those research dollars, by the
way, came from a National Science Foundation Ethics and Values Studies disserta-
tion improvement grant (SBR-9411547), from an NSF Research and Training
Grant through Cornell’s Science and Technology Studies program, and from my
Fellowship in Animal Welfare from the William and Charlotte Parks Foundation.
I thank the dozens of people who consented to grant me interviews, though
they remain anonymous in this work. My interviews were invaluable sources of in-
formation, and they gave me a chance to meet the leaders in the fields of animal
research and animal protection, as well as confirmation that good people can dis-
agree profoundly on matters of moral import.
For the early years of this project I shared my life and home with Jerry Shing,
Freddie, Vito, and Nicholas. Jerry is a gentle, intelligent man and an awesome vet-
erinarian. Freddie and Nicholas gave me perspective whenever I read scientists’
studies of what dogs want; both always seemed to know what two dogs in partic-
ular wanted, and never skimped on their efforts to enlighten. Vito was my poster
boy for life after the laboratory, a laboratory-cat adoption success story.
I could not have written this book without the constant assistance, vision, and
love of my partner, editor, teacher, traveling companion, fan, muse, font of knowl-
edge, adviser, running coach, and best friend, David Takacs. David has kept me on
task and kept me laughing, and he has read far more drafts of my work than any-
one should ever have to. I really do not know how to thank him enough for what
he has brought into my life.
Contents
1 Introduction: What animals want 3
2 Life in the animal laboratory 23
3 Animal welfare: Philosophy meets science 44
4 A rat is a pig: The significance of species 67
5 Performance standards:
How big is your guinea pig’s house? 96
6 Centaurs and science: The professionalization
of laboratory animal care and use 116
7 The problem of pain 141
8 The animal advocates 165
9 Death by decapitation: A case study 186
10 Dog walkers and monkey psychiatrists 206
11 A look to the future 239
glossary 245
notes 249
references 265
index 285
