Table Of ContentWEAL http v1 4/15/04 3:41 PM Page 1
2ND EDITION
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❚ 6❚
❚ 3❚
How to Use This Book
❚ 7❚
❚ 2❚
❚ 1❚ Article Title
❚ 2❚ Definition in italics with Latin
translation provided
❚ 3❚ First-level subhead ❚ 8❚
❚ 1❚
❚ 4❚ Timeline for subject of biography,
including general historical events
❚ 4❚
and life events
❚ 5❚ Sidebar expands upon an issue
addressed briefly in the article
❚ 6❚ Quotation from subject of biography
❚ 7❚ Biography of contributor to
American law
❚ 8❚ Internal cross-reference to entry
within WEAL
❚ 9❚ In Focus article examines a
controversial or complex aspect ❚ 5❚
of the article topic ❚ 9❚
❚ 10❚ Cross-references at end of article
❚ 11❚ Full cite for case ❚ 10❚
❚ 11❚
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❚ 6❚
❚ 3❚
How to Use This Book
❚ 7❚
❚ 2❚
❚ 1❚ Article Title
❚ 2❚ Definition in italics with Latin
translation provided
❚ 3❚ First-level subhead ❚ 8❚
❚ 1❚
❚ 4❚ Timeline for subject of biography,
including general historical events
❚ 4❚
and life events
❚ 5❚ Sidebar expands upon an issue
addressed briefly in the article
❚ 6❚ Quotation from subject of biography
❚ 7❚ Biography of contributor to
American law
❚ 8❚ Internal cross-reference to entry
within WEAL
❚ 9❚ In Focus article examines a
controversial or complex aspect ❚ 5❚
of the article topic ❚ 9❚
❚ 10❚ Cross-references at end of article
❚ 11❚ Full cite for case ❚ 10❚
❚ 11❚
WEAL http v1 4/15/04 3:41 PM Page 3
2ND EDITION
Volume 1
(cid:1)
A to Ba
Detroit • San Diego • San Francisco • New Haven, Conn. • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich
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West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 2nd Edition
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West’s encyclopedia of American law / Jeffrey Lehman, editor, Shirelle
Phelps, editor.— 2nd ed.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-6367-0 (hardcover set : alk. paper)
1. Law—United States—Encyclopedias. 2. Law—United States—Popular
works. I. Lehman, Jeffrey. II. Phelps, Shirelle.
KF154.W47 2004
349.73’03—dc22 2004004918
ISBN 0-7876-6367-0 (set), ISBN 0-7876-6368-9 (vol. 1), ISBN 0-7876-6369-7 (vol. 2), ISBN 0-7876-
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DEDICATION
West’s Encyclopedia of American Law
(WEAL) is dedicated to librarians
and library patrons throughout the
United States and beyond.Your
interest in the American legal system
helps to expand and fuel the frame-
work of our Republic.
k
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Contents
VOLUME 1 VOLUME 7
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
A–Ba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Mc–Pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
VOLUME 2 VOLUME 8
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Be–Col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Po–San . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461
VOLUME 3 VOLUME 9
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Com–Dor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Sar–Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
VOLUME 4 VOLUME 10
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Dou–Fre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Ter–Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459
VOLUME 5 VOLUME 11
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Milestones in the Law
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Fri–Jam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501 VOLUME 12
Primary Documents
VOLUME 6
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix VOLUME 13
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Dictionary ofLegal Terms
Jap–Ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Cases Index
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469 General Index
vii
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Preface
T
he U.S. legal system is admired around Definitions Every entry on a legal term is
the world for the freedoms it allows the followed by a definition, which appears at the
individual and the fairness with which it beginning ofthe entry and is italicized.The Dic-
attempts to treat all persons.On the surface,it tionary and Indexes volume includes a glossary
may seem simple, yet those who have delved containing all the definitions from WEAL.
into it know that this system of federal and Further Readings To facilitate further
state constitutions, statutes, regulations, and research,a list ofFurther Readings is included at
common-law decisions is elaborate and com- the end ofa majority ofthe main entries.
plex.It derives from the English common law, Cross-References WEALprovides two types
but includes principles older than England, ofcross-references,within and following entries.
along with some principles from other lands. Within the entries,terms are set in small capital
The U.S. legal system, like many others, has a letters—for example, LIEN—to indicate that
language all its own,but too often it is an unfa- they have their own entry in the encyclopedia.
miliar language: many concepts are still At the end of the entries, related entries the
phrased in Latin.The second edition of West’s reader may wish to explore are listed alphabeti-
Encyclopedia ofAmerican Law (WEAL)explains cally by title.
legal terms and concepts in everyday language,
Blind cross-reference entries are also
however. It covers a wide variety of persons,
included to direct the user to other entries
entities, and events that have shaped the U.S.
throughout the set.
legal system and influenced public perceptions
of it. In Focus Essays
In Focus essays accompany related entries
and provide additional facts, details, and argu-
MAIN FEATURES OF THIS SET ments on particularly interesting,important,or
controversial issues raised by those entries.The
Entries
subjects covered include hotly contested issues,
This encyclopedia contains nearly 5,000 such as abortion, capital punishment, and gay
entries devoted to terms, concepts, events, rights;detailed processes,such as the Food and
movements, cases, and persons significant to Drug Administration’s approval process for new
U.S.law.Entries on legal terms contain a defini- drugs;and important historical or social issues,
tion ofthe term,followed by explanatory text if such as debates over the formation of the U.S.
necessary.Entries are arranged alphabetically in Constitution.
standard encyclopedia format for ease of use.A
Sidebars
wide variety ofadditional features,listed later in
this preface,provide interesting background and Sidebars provide brief highlights of some
supplemental information. interesting facet of accompanying entries. They
ix
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X PREFACE
complement regular entries and In Focus essays ments,laws,manuscripts,and forms fundamen-
by adding informative details. Sidebar topics tal to and characteristic ofU.S.law.
include the Million Man March and the branches
Milestone Cases in the Law
ofthe U.S.armed services.Sidebars appear at the
top ofa text page and are set in a box. A special Appendix volume entitled Mile-
stones in the Law,allows readers to take a close
Biographies look at landmark cases in U.S.law.Readers can
WEAL profiles a wide variety of interesting explore the reasoning of the judges and the
and influential people—including lawyers, arguments ofthe attorneys that produced major
judges, government and civic leaders, and his- decisions on important legal and social issues.
torical and modern figures—who have played a Included in each Milestone are the opinions of
part in creating or shaping U.S.law.Each biog- the lower courts;the briefs presented by the par-
raphy includes a timeline,which shows impor- ties to the U.S.Supreme Court;and the decision
tant moments in the subject’s life as well as of the Supreme Court, including the majority
important historical events of the period. opinion and all concurring and dissenting opin-
Biographies appear alphabetically by the sub- ions for each case.
ject’s last name.
Primary Documents
There is also an Appendix volume contain-
ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF THIS SET ing more than 60 primary documents, such as
the English Bill of Rights, Martin Luther King
Enhancements Throughout WEAL, readers
Jr.’s Letter from Brimingham Jail, and several
will find a broad array of photographs, charts,
presidential speeches.
graphs, manuscripts, legal forms, and other
visual aids enhancing the ideas presented in the Citations
text.
Wherever possible, WEAL entries include
Indexes WEAL features a cases index and a citations for cases and statutes mentioned in the
cumulative index in a separate volume. text. These allow readers wishing to do addi-
tional research to find the opinions and statutes
Appendixes cited.Two sample citations,with explanations of
Three appendix volumes are included with common citation terms,can be seen below and
WEAL, containing hundreds of pages of docu- opposite.
Miranda v.Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct.1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Case title.The title of the case is set in i and 4. Reporter page. The number following the
indicates the names of the parties.The suit reporter name indicates the reporter page on
in this sample citation was between Ernesto which the case begins.
A.Miranda and the state ofArizona. 5. Additional reporter page.Many cases may be
2. Reporter volume number. The number pre- found in more than one reporter.The suit in
ceding the reporter name indicates the the sample citation also appears in volume
reporter volume containing the case. (The 86 ofthe Supreme Court Reporter,beginning
volume number appears on the spine of the on page 1602.
reporter,along with the reporter name). 6. Additional reporter citation. The suit in the
3. Reporter name.The reporter name is abbrevi- sample citation is also reported in volume 16
ated.The suit in the sample citation is from ofthe Lawyer’s Edition,second series,begin-
the reporter, or series of books, called U.S. ning on page 694.
Reports, which contains cases from the U.S. 7. Year ofdecision.The year the court issued its
Supreme Court. (Numerous reporters pub- decision in the case appears in parentheses at
lish cases from the federal and state courts.) the end ofthe cite.
W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , 2 n d E d i t i o n
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PREFACE XI
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, Pub.L.No. 103–159, 107 Stat.1536 (18 U.S.C.A. §§ 921–925A)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Statute title. 6. Title number. Federal laws are divided into
2. Public law number. In the sample citation, major sections with specific titles.The num-
the number 103 indicates this law was ber preceding a reference to the U.S. Code
passed by the 103d Congress,and the num- stands for the section called Crimes and
ber 159 indicates it was the 159th law passed Criminal Procedure.
by that Congress. 7. Additional reporter. The statute in the sam-
3. Reporter volume number. The number pre- ple citation may also be found in the U.S.
ceding the reporter abbreviation indicates Code Annotated.
the reporter volume containing the statute. 8. Section numbers. The section numbers fol-
4. Reporter name.The reporter name is abbre- lowing a reference to the U.S. Code Anno-
viated.The statute in the sample citation is tated indicate where the statute appears in
from Statutes at Large. that reporter.
5. Reporter page. The number following the
reporter abbreviation indicates the reporter
page on which the statute begins.
W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , 2 n d E d i t i o n
