Western Civilization: Alternate Volume: Since 1300, Seventh Edition

737 Pages·2008·144.62 MB·English

by  Jackson J. Spielvogel

A L T E R N A T E V O L U M E : S I N C E 1 3 0 0
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
WESTERN CIVILIZATION

A L T E R N A T E V O L U M E : S I N C E 1 3 0 0
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
WESTERN
CIVILIZATION
Jackson J. Spielvogel
The Pennsylvania State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain
United Kingdom • United States
Western Civilization,Alternate Volume:Since 1300,Seventh Edition
Jackson J.Spielvogel
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at The
Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University,
where he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles
and reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Edu-
cation, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, andAmerican
Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles to The Social History
of the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, theSimon
Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, andUtopian Studies. His work has
been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation
for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civiliza-
tion courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi
Germanywas published in 1987 (fifth edition, 2005). He is the coauthor (with
William Duiker) of World History, first published in 1998 (fifth edition, 2007), and
The Essential World History (third edition, 2008). Professor Spielvogel has won five
major university-wide teaching awards. He held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship,
the university’s most prestigious teaching award, in 1988–1989. In 1996 he won
the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000
the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award.
TO DIANE,
WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE
BRIEF CONTENTS
MAPS xiv 20 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS
CHRONOLOGIES xvi IMPACT ON EUROPEAN SOCIETY 604
PREFACE xvii 21 REACTION, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi 1815–1850 632
INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN 22 AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND REALISM,
CIVILIZATION xxv 1850–1871 665
WESTERN CIVILIZATION TO 1300 xxvii 23 MASS SOCIETY IN AN “AGE OF PROGRESS,”
1871–1894 698
24 AN AGE OF MODERNITY, ANXIETY, AND
11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND IMPERIALISM, 1894–1914 731
DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH
CENTURY 303 25 THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY
CRISIS: WAR AND REVOLUTION 768
12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE
RENAISSANCE 337 26 THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: EUROPE
BETWEEN THE WARS, 1919–1939 803
13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE
IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 373 27 THE DEEPENING OF THE EUROPEAN CRISIS:
WORLD WAR II 839
14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW
ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800 410 28 COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN WORLD,
1945–1965 875
15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR
ORDER IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 443 29 PROTEST AND STAGNATION: THE WESTERN
WORLD, 1965–1985 909
16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW
EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND 30 AFTER THE FALL: THE WESTERN WORLD IN
THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE 483 A GLOBAL AGE (SINCE 1985) 935
17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE
GLOSSARY 967
OF ENLIGHTENMENT 509
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 975
18 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN
DOCUMENTS 983
STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND
PHOTO CREDITS 990
SOCIAL CHANGE 538
INDEX 993
19 A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE ERA OF THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 571
vi
DETAILED CONTENTS
MAPS xiv IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE
Entertainment in the Middle Ages 332
CHRONOLOGIES xvi
Inventions and New Patterns 333
PREFACE xvii
Conclusion 334
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi
Notes 334
INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN
Suggestions for Further Reading 335
CIVILIZATION xxv
WESTERN CIVILIZATION TO 1300 xxvii 12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE
AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE 337
11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES:
CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION Meaning and Characteristics ofthe Italian
IN THE FOURTEENTH Renaissance 338
CENTURY 303 The Making ofRenaissance Society 338
Economic Recovery 338
A Time ofTroubles:Black Death and Social Social Changes in the Renaissance 340
Crisis 304 The Family in Renaissance Italy 342
Famine and Population 304
The Italian States in the Renaissance 344
The Black Death 304
The Five Major States 344
Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval 308
Independent City-States 345
War and Political Instability 311 Warfare in Italy 346
Causes ofthe Hundred Years’War 311 The Birth ofModern Diplomacy 347
Conduct and Course ofthe War 312 Machiavelli and the New Statecraft 348
Political Instability 316
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy 349
FILM & HISTORY
Italian Renaissance Humanism 349
Joan of Arc (1948), The Messenger:
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
The Story of Joan of Arc (1999) 317
The Renaissance Prince: The Views
The Growth ofEngland’s Political
of Machiavelli and Erasmus 350
Institutions 318
Education in the Renaissance 352
The Problems ofthe French Kings 318
Humanism and History 354
The German Monarchy 319
The Impact ofPrinting 355
The States ofItaly 320
The Artistic Renaissance 355
The Decline ofthe Church 322
Art in the Early Renaissance 355
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State 322
The Artistic High Renaissance 358
The Papacy at Avignon (1305–1377) 323
The Artist and Social Status 360
The Great Schism 323
The Northern Artistic Renaissance 361
New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise
ofConciliarism 324 Music in the Renaissance 362
Popular Religion in an Age ofAdversity 325 The European State in the Renaissance 362
Changes in Theology 325
The Growth ofthe French Monarchy 363
The Cultural World ofthe Fourteenth England:Civil War and a New Monarchy 363
Century 326 The Unification ofSpain 365
The Development ofVernacular Literature 326 The Holy Roman Empire:The Success ofthe
Habsburgs 365
Art and the Black Death 328
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern
Society in an Age ofAdversity 330
Europe 366
Changes in Urban Life 330 The Ottoman Turks and the End ofthe Byzantine
New Directions in Medicine 331 Empire 367
vii
The Church in the Renaissance 368 New Horizons:The Portuguese and Spanish
The Problems ofHeresy and Reform 368 Empires 413
The Renaissance Papacy 368 The Development ofa Portuguese Maritime Empire 413
Conclusion 369 Voyages to the New World 415
The Spanish Empire in the New World 417
Notes 370
Suggestions for Further Reading 371 New Rivals on the World Stage 421
13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS Africa:The Slave Trade 422
The West in Southeast Asia 425
WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH
The French and British in India 426
CENTURY 373 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
West Meets East:
Prelude to Reformation 374 An Exchange of Royal Letters 428
China 429
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism 374
Japan 430
Church and Religion on the Eve ofthe Reformation 376
The Americas 431
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany 377
The Impact ofEuropean Expansion 433
The Early Luther 377
The Rise ofLutheranism 379 The Conquered 433
FILM & HISTORY FILM & HISTORY
Luther (2003) 380 The Mission (1986) 435
Organizing the Church 382 The Conquerors 436
Germany and the Reformation:Religion and Politics 383 Toward a World Economy 438
The Spread ofthe Protestant Reformation 386 Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century 438
Lutheranism in Scandinavia 386 The Growth ofCommercial Capitalism 438
The Zwinglian Reformation 386 Mercantilism 439
The Radical Reformation:The Anabaptists 387 Overseas Trade and Colonies:Movement Toward
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Globalization 440
A Reformation Debate: Conclusion 441
Conflict at Marburg 388
Notes 441
The Reformation in England 389
Suggestions for Further Reading 441
John Calvin and Calvinism 391
The Social Impact ofthe Protestant Reformation 392
15 STATE BUILDING AND THE
The Family 393
Education in the Reformation 394 SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE
Religious Practices and Popular Culture 395 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 443
The Catholic Reformation 395
Social Crises,War,and Rebellions 444
Revival ofthe Old 396
The Society ofJesus 396 The Witchcraft Craze 444
A Revived Papacy 398 The Thirty Years’War 446
The Council ofTrent 398 A Military Revolution? 449
Rebellions 450
Politics and the Wars ofReligion in the Sixteenth
Century 399 The Practice ofAbsolutism:Western Europe 451
The French Wars ofReligion (1562–1598) 399 Absolute Monarchy in France 451
Philip II and Militant Catholicism 401 The Reign ofLouis XIV (1643–1715) 452
Revolt ofthe Netherlands 403 The Decline ofSpain 458
The England ofElizabeth 403
Absolutism in Central,Eastern,and Northern
FILM & HISTORY
Europe 459
Elizabeth (1998) 406
The German States 459
Conclusion 407
Italy:From Spanish to Austrian Rule 461
Notes 408
Russia:From Fledgling Principality to Major Power 461
Suggestions for Further Reading 408
The Great Northern States 463
14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW The Ottoman Empire 464
ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800 410 The Limits ofAbsolutism 466
Limited Monarchy and Republics 467
On the Brink ofa New World 411 The Weakness ofthe Polish Monarchy 467
The Motives for Expansion 411 The Golden Age ofthe Dutch Republic 467
The Means for Expansion 412 England and the Emergence ofConstitutional Monarchy 468
viii DETAILED CONTENTS
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE The Social Environment ofthe Philosophes 520
Dutch Domesticity 469 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Women in the Age of the Enlightenment:
The Flourishing ofEuropean Culture 475
Rousseau and Wollstonecraft 521
The Changing Faces ofArt 475
A Wondrous Age ofTheater 477 Culture and Society in the Enlightenment 522
Conclusion 481 Innovations in Art,Music,and Literature 522
The High Culture ofthe Eighteenth Century 526
Notes 481
Crime and Punishment 528
Suggestions for Further Reading 481
The World ofMedicine 529
16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND Popular Culture 530
A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC Religion and the Churches 532
REVOLUTION AND THE The Institutional Church 532
Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century 534
EMERGENCE OF MODERN
Conclusion 536
SCIENCE 483
Notes 536
Background to the Scientific Revolution 484 Suggestions for Further Reading 537
Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists 484
Technological Innovations and Mathematics 484
18 THE EIGHTEENTH
Renaissance Magic 485
CENTURY: EUROPEAN
Toward a New Heaven:A Revolution in Astronomy 485
STATES, INTERNATIONAL
Copernicus 485
WARS, AND SOCIAL
Brahe 487
CHANGE 538
Kepler 487
Galileo 489
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The European States 539
A New Heaven? Faith Versus Reason 492 Enlightened Absolutism? 539
Newton 493 The Atlantic Seaboard States 540
FILM & HISTORY
Advances in Medicine and Chemistry 495
Marie Antoinette (2006) 541
Paracelsus 495
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 543
Vesalius 496
The Mediterranean World 549
William Harvey 496
The Scandinavian States 550
Chemistry 497
Enlightened Absolutism Revisited 550
Women in the Origins ofModern Science 497
Wars and Diplomacy 550
Margaret Cavendish 497
The War ofthe Austrian Succession
Maria Merian 498
(1740–1748) 551
Maria Winkelmann 498
The Seven Years’War (1756–1763) 551
Debates on the Nature ofWomen 498
European Armies and Warfare 552
Toward a New Earth:Descartes,Rationalism,and
Economic Expansion and Social Change 554
a New View ofHumankind 499
Growth ofthe European Population 554
The Scientific Method and the Spread ofScientific Family,Marriage,and Birthrate Patterns 555
Knowledge 500 An Agricultural Revolution? 557
The Scientific Method 500 New Methods ofFinance 558
The Spread ofScientific Knowledge 502 European Industry 558
Science and Religion 503 Mercantile Empires and Worldwide Trade 559
Conclusion 506 The Social Order ofthe Eighteenth
Notes 507 Century 561
Suggestions for Further Reading 508 The Peasants 562
The Nobility 562
17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 509 The Aristocratic Way of Life 564
The Inhabitants ofTowns and Cities 565
The Enlightenment 510 Conclusion 568
The Paths to Enlightenment 510 Notes 569
The Philosophes and Their Ideas 512 Suggestions for Further Reading 569
DETAILEDCONTENTS ix