Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I

308 Pages·2010·11.2 MB·English

by  Marvin Perry

Western Civilization
A Brief History
Volume I: To 1789
Seventh Edition
Marvin Perry
Baruch College
City University of New York
George W. Bock, Editorial Associate
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Western Civilization: A Brief History, © 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
V olume I: To 1789, Seventh Edition
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Marvin Perry
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
Contents
Maps ix Hittites 17
Chronologies x Small Nations 17
Assyria 18
Preface xi
Persia: Unifi er of the Near East 18
The Religious Orientation of the
Ancient Near East 19
Part One A Myth-Making World-View 20
NearEastern Achievements 21
The Ancient World: Foundation Primary Source: Mythical Thinking 22
of the West to A.D. 500 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 1 The Hebrews: A New View of God
The Ancient Near East: and the Individual 24
The First Civilizations 4
Early Hebrew History 25
Prehistory 5 God: One, Sovereign, Transcendent, Good 27
The Rise to Civilization 7 The Individual and Moral Autonomy 28
Mesopotamian Civilization 8 The Covenant and the Law 29
Religion: The Basis of Mesopotamian The Hebrew Idea of History 31
Civilization 9 The Prophets 32
Government, Law, and Economy 10 The Legacy of the Ancient Jews 33
Mathematics, Astronomy, and Primary Source: Isaiah and
Medicine 11 Social Justice 34
Egyp tian Civilization 11
From the Old Kingdom to the Middle Chapter 3
Kingdom 12 The Greeks: From Myth
Religion: The Basis of Egyp tian to Reason 36
Civilization 12
Divine Kingship 14 Early Aegean Civilizations 38
Science and Mathematics 14 Evolution of the City-States 39
The New Kingdom and the Decline Homer: Shaper of the Greek Spirit 39
of Egyp tian Civilization 15 The Break with Theocratic Politics 40
Empire Builders 17 Sparta: A Garrison State 41
iii
iv ❖ Contents
Athens: The Rise of Democracy 41 The Greek Achievement: Reason,
Solon, the Reformer 42 Freedom, Humanism 70
Pisistratus, the Tyrant 44 Primary Source: Euripides, Medea 71
Cleisthenes, the Democrat 44
The Persian Wars 45 Chapter 4
The Mature Athenian Democracy 45 Rome: From City-State to
The Decline of the City-States 47 World Empire 74
The Peloponnesian War 47
The Fourth Century 48 Evolution of the Roman Constitution 75
The Dilemma of Greek Politics 48 Roman Expansion to 146 B.C. 77
Philosophy in the Hellenic Age 49 The Uniting of Italy 78
The Cosmologists: A Rational Inquiry The Conquest of the Mediterranean
into Nature 50 World 78
The Sophists: A Rational Investigation of The Consequences of
Human Culture 52 Expansion 80
Socrates: Shaping the Rational Culture in the Republic 82
Individual 52 The Collapse of the Republic 83
Dialectics 54 The Gracchian Revolution 84
Condemned to Death 54 Rival Generals 85
Plato: The Rational Society 55 Julius Caesar 85
Theory of Ideas 55 The Republic’s Last Years 86
The Just State 55 Augustus and the Foundations of the
Aristotle: Synthesis of Greek Roman Empire 86
Thought 57 The Pax Romana 87
Critique of Plato’s Theory The Successors of Augustus 87
of Ideas 57 The “Time of Happiness” 89
Ethical Thought 57 Constructive Rule 89
Political Thought 58 Improved Conditions for Slaves and
Art 58 Women 89
Poetry and Drama 59 An Orderly World Community 90
History 61 Roman Culture and Law During the Pax
Herodotus 61 Romana 90
Thucydides 61 Literature and History 90
The Hellenistic Age: The Second Stage Philosophy 91
of Greek Civilization 62 Science 92
Alexander the Great 64 Art and Architecture 93
The Competing Dynasties 64 Engineering 94
Cosmopolitanism 64 Law 94
Hellenistic Thought and Culture 66 Entertainment 94
History 66 Signs of Trouble 95
Art 66 Social and Economic Weaknesses 95
Science 66 Cultural Stagnation and
Philosophy 68 Transformation 95
Epicureanism 68 The Decline of Rome 97
Stoicism 68 Third-Century Crisis 97
Contents ❖ v
Diocletian and Constantine: The Part Two
Regimented State 99
The Middle Ages: The Christ ian
Tribal Migrations and Invasions 99
Reasons for Rome’s Decline 100 Centuries, 500–1400 124
The Role of the Germanic Tribes 100
Spiritual Considerations 100 Chapter 6
Political and Military The Rise of Europe:
Considerations 100 Fusion of Classical, Christ ian,
Economic Considerations 101 and Germanic Traditions 126
The Roman Legacy 101
The Medieval East 128
Primary Source: Aelius Aristides, The Blessings
Byzantium 128
of the Pax Romana 102
Islam 129
Chapter 5 Latin Christendom in the Early Middle
Early Chris tianity: A World Ages 132
Religion 105 Political, Economic, and Intellectual
Transformation 132
The Origins of Chris tianity 106 The Church: Shaper of Medieval
Judaism in the First Century b.c. 106 Civilization 133
Jesus: Moral Transformation of the The Kingdom of the Franks 135
Individual 107 The Era of Charlemagne 135
Saint Paul: From a Jewish Sect to a World The Breakup of Charlemagne’s
Religion 108 Empire 137
The Spread and Triumph of Feudal Society 138
Christianity 110 Vassalage 138
The Appeal of Chris tianity 110 Feudal Warriors 139
Chris tianity and Rome 111 Noblewomen 139
Chris tianity and Greek Agrarian Society 139
Philosophy 112 Economic Expansion During the
Development of Chris tian High Middle Ages 141
Organization, Doctrine, An Agricultural Revolution 141
and Attitudes 113 The Revival of Trade 142
The Primacy of the Bishop The Rebirth of Towns 143
of Rome 113 The Rise of States 144
The Rise of Monasticism 114 England 144
The Scriptural Tradition and Doctrinal France 145
Disputes 114 Germany 146
Chris tianity and Society 116 The Growth of Papal Power 146
Chris tianity and the Jews 116 Gregorian Reform 146
Saint Augustine: The Chris tian World- The Crusades 148
View 117 Dissenters and Reformers 150
Chris tianity and Classical Humanism: The Waldensians 151
Alternative World-Views 119 The Cathari 151
Primary Source: Saint Benedict of Nursia, The Franciscans and the
The Christian Way of Life 122 Dominicans 151
vi ❖ Contents
Innocent III: The Apex of Papal Power 152 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 186
Chris tians and Jews 153 The Renaissance Outlook 187
Primary Source: Bishop Adalbero of Laon, Humanism 189
The Tripartite Society 155 A Revolution in Political Thought 190
Renaissance Art 191
Chapter 7 The Spread of the Renaissance 194
The Flowering and Dissolution of Erasmian Humanism 194
Medieval Civilization 157 French and English Humanism 195
The Renaissance and the Modern Age 196
Revival of Learning 159
Background to the Reformation:
The Medieval World-View 160
The Medieval Church in Crisis 196
The Universe: Higher and Lower
The Lutheran Revolt 197
Worlds 160
The Break with Catholicism 198
Art Essay: The Art of the Ancient World and The Appeal and Spread of
the Middle Ages after 160 Lutheranism 200
The Spread of the Reformation 200
The Individual: Sinful but Calvinism 201
Redeemable 161 France 202
Philosophy, Science, and Law 162 England 203
Saint Anselm and Abelard 163 The Radical Reformation 203
Saint Thomas Aquinas: The Synthesis of The Catholic Response 205
Faith and Reason 163 The Reformation and the Modern Age 206
Science 164
Primary Source: Leonardo Bruni, Study
Recovery of Roman Law 166
of Greek Literature and a Humanist
Literature 166
Educational Program 208
Architecture 168
The Fourteenth Century: An Age of Adversity 168
The Decline of the Papacy 170 Chapter 9
Confl ict with France 171 Political and Economic
The Great Schism and the Conciliar Transformation: National States,
Movement 172 Overseas Expansion, Commercial
Fourteenth-Century Heresies 173 Revolution 210
Breakup of the Thomistic Synthesis 173
Toward the Modern State 212
The Middle Ages and the Modern World:
Hapsburg Spain 213
Continuity and Discontinuity 174
Ferdinand and Isabella 213
Primary Source: Peter Abelard, The Synthesis of
The Reign of Charles V: King of Spain and
Reason and Faith 178
Holy Roman Emperor 214
Philip II 216
Part Three
The End of the Spanish Hapsburgs 216
The Rise of Modernity: From the The Growth of French Power 217
Renaissance to the Enlightenment Religion and the French State 217
The Consolidation of French Monarchical
1350–1789 182
Power 218
Chapter 8 The Growth of Limited Monarchy and
Transition to the Modern Age: Constitutionalism in England 220
Renaissance and Reformation 184 The Tudor Achievement 220
Contents ❖ vii
The English Revolution, 1640–1660 and The Newtonian Synthesis 244
1688–1689 221 Prophets of Modern Science 245
The Holy Roman Empire: The Failure to Francis Bacon: The Inductive
Unify Germany 223 Method 245
European Expansion 225 René Descartes: The Deductive
Forces Behind the Expansion 225 Method 245
The Portuguese Empire 226 The Meaning of the Scientifi c
The Spanish Empire 227 Revolution 246
Black Slavery and the Slave Trade 228 The Age of Enlightenment: Affi rmation of
The Price Revolution 229 Reason and Freedom 248
The Expansion of Agriculture 229 Chris tianity Assailed: The Search
The Expansion of Trade and Industry 231 for a Natural Religion 249
Innovations in Business 231 Political Thought 250
Different Patterns of Commercial Seventeenth-Century Antecedents:
Development 232 Hobbes and Locke 250
England and the Netherlands 232 Montesquieu 251
France and Spain 232 Voltaire 252
The Fostering of Mercantile Capitalism 233 Rousseau 253
Toward a Global Economy 235 Social and Economic Thought 254
Primary Source:Seventeenth-Century Slave Epistemology, Psychology, and
Traders: Buying and Transporting Education 254
Africans 236 Freedom of Conscience and
Thought 255
Chapter 10 Humanitarianism 255
Intellectual Transformation: The Laissez-Faire Economics 257
Scientifi c Revolution and the Age of The Idea of Progress 258
Enlightenment 238 Confl icts and Politics 259
Warfare and Revolution 259
The Medieval View of the Universe 239 Enlightened Despotism 260
A New View of Nature 240 The Enlightenment and the Modern
Nicolaus Copernicus: The Mentality 260
Dethronement of the Earth 240 Primary Source: René Descartes,
Galileo: Uniformity of Nature and Discourse on Method 263
Experimental Physics 241
Index I-1
Attack on Authority 243
Johannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary
Motion 243
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Maps
1.1 Mesopotamian and Egyp tian Civilizations 13
1.2 The Assyrian and Persian Empires 19
3.1 The Aegean Basin 43
3.2 The Division of Alexander’s Empire and the Spread of Hellenism 65
4.1 Roman Conquests During the Republic 81
5.1 The Spread of Chris tianity 111
6.1 The Carolingian World 136
6.2 The Holy Roman Empire, c. 1200 149
8.1 The Protestant and the Catholic Reformations 204
9.1 Europe, 1648 224
ix