Western Civilization

1056 Pages·2015·262.38 MB·English

by  Jackson J. Spielvogel

About the Author Page: iii
Brief Contents Page: iv
Contents Page: v
Documents Page: xvi
Maps Page: xxi
Features Page: xxiii
Preface Page: xxiv
Acknowledgments Page: xxix
Introduction to Students of Western Civilization Page: xxxiii
Ch 1: The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations Page: 1
The First Humans Page: 2
The Emergence of Civilization Page: 5
Civilization in Mesopotamia Page: 6
Egyptian Civilization: "The Gift of the Nile" Page: 15
On the Fringes of Civilization Page: 26
Chapter Summary Page: 29
Ch 2: The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires Page: 32
The Hebrews: "The Children of Israel" Page: 33
The Neighbors of the Israelites Page: 39
The Assyrian Empire Page: 40
The Neo-Babylonian Empire Page: 44
The Persian Empire Page: 45
Chapter Summary Page: 51
Ch 3: The Civilization of the Greeks Page: 53
Early Greece Page: 54
The Greeks in a Dark Age (C. 1100-C. 750 B.C.E.) Page: 56
The World of the Greek City-States (C. 750-C. 500 B.C.E.) Page: 59
The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece Page: 66
Culture and Society of Classical Greece Page: 74
Chapter Summary Page: 85
Ch 4: The Hellenistic World Page: 87
Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander Page: 88
The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms Page: 94
Hellenistic Society Page: 99
Culture in the Hellenistic World Page: 101
Religion in the Hellenistic World Page: 107
Chapter Summary Page: 108
Ch 5: The Roman Republic Page: 111
The Emergence of Rome Page: 112
The Roman Republic (C. 509-264 B.C.E.) Page: 114
The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264-133 B.C.E.) Page: 119
Society and Culture in the Roman Republic Page: 124
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.) Page: 132
Chapter Summary Page: 142
Ch 6: The Roman Empire Page: 144
The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) Page: 145
The Early Empire (14-180) Page: 150
Roman Culture and Society in the Early Empire Page: 157
Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in the Third Century Page: 165
Transformation of the Roman World: The Rise of Christianity Page: 167
Chapter Summary Page: 173
Ch 7: Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World Page: 175
The Late Roman Empire Page: 176
The Germanic Kingdoms Page: 182
Development of the Christian Church Page: 187
The Byzantine Empire Page: 197
The Rise of Islam Page: 203
Chapter Summary Page: 206
Ch 8: European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000 Page: 209
Europeans and the Environment Page: 210
The World of the Carolingians Page: 210
Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire Page: 219
The Emerging World of Lords and Vassals Page: 223
The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization Page: 229
The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe Page: 230
The Expansion of Islam Page: 234
Chapter Summary Page: 236
Ch 9: The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages Page: 239
Land and People in the High Middle Ages Page: 240
The New World of Trade and Cities Page: 247
The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle Ages Page: 255
Chapter Summary Page: 265
Ch 10: The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power Page: 267
The Emergence and Growth of European Kingdoms, 1000-1300 Page: 268
The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church Page: 279
Christianity and Medieval Civilization Page: 282
The Crusades Page: 289
Chapter Summary Page: 296
Ch 11: The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century Page: 299
A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis Page: 300
War and Political Instability Page: 308
The Decline of the Church Page: 318
The Cultural World of the Fourteenth Century Page: 322
Society in an Age of Adversity Page: 325
Chapter Summary Page: 329
Ch 12: Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance Page: 332
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Page: 333
The Making of Renaissance Society Page: 333
The Italian States in the Renaissance Page: 340
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy Page: 344
The Artistic Renaissance Page: 350
The European State in the Renaissance Page: 357
The Church in the Renaissance Page: 361
Chapter Summary Page: 364
Ch 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century Page: 367
Prelude to Reformation Page: 368
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany Page: 371
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Page: 380
The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation Page: 387
The Catholic Reformation Page: 389
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century Page: 393
Chapter Summary Page: 400
Ch 14: Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800 Page: 403
On the Brink of a New World Page: 404
New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires Page: 407
New Rivals on the World Stage Page: 416
The Impact of European Expansion Page: 427
Toward a World Economy Page: 431
Chapter Summary Page: 433
Ch 15: State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century Page: 436
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions Page: 437
The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe Page: 444
Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe Page: 451
Limited Monarchy and Republics Page: 459
The Flourishing of European Culture Page: 468
Chapter Summary Page: 473
Ch 16: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Sc Page: 476
Background to the Scientific Revolution Page: 477
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy Page: 478
Advances in Medicine and Chemistry Page: 488
Women in the Origins of Modern Science Page: 490
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind Page: 493
The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Knowledge Page: 494
Chapter Summary Page: 499
Ch 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment Page: 502
The Enlightenment Page: 503
Culture and Society in the Enlightenment Page: 516
Religion and the Churches Page: 524
Chapter Summary Page: 528
Ch 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change Page: 531
The European States Page: 532
Wars and Diplomacy Page: 543
Economic Expansion and Social Change Page: 547
The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century Page: 554
Chapter Summary Page: 561
Ch 19: A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon Page: 563
The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution Page: 564
Background to the French Revolution Page: 567
The French Revolution Page: 570
The Age of Napoleon Page: 586
Chapter Summary Page: 593
Ch 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society Page: 596
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Page: 597
The Spread of Industrialization Page: 604
The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Page: 609
Chapter Summary Page: 621
Ch 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850 Page: 624
The Conservative Order (1815-1830) Page: 625
The Ideologies of Change Page: 634
Revolution and Reform (1830-1850) Page: 638
The Emergence of an Ordered Society Page: 646
Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: The Mood of Romanticism Page: 649
Chapter Summary Page: 654
Ch 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871 Page: 657
The France of Napoleon III Page: 658
National Unification: Italy and Germany Page: 663
Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Midcentury Page: 669
Industrialization and the Marxist Response Page: 677
Science and Culture in an Age of Realism Page: 680
Chapter Summary Page: 687
Ch 23: Mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894 Page: 690
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity Page: 691
The Emergence of a Mass Society Page: 701
The National State Page: 716
Chapter Summary Page: 720
Ch 24: An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914 Page: 723
Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments Page: 724
Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties Page: 735
The New Imperialism Page: 745
International Rivalry and the Coming of War Page: 755
Chapter Summary Page: 758
Ch 25: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution Page: 760
The Road to World War I Page: 761
The War Page: 765
War and Revolution Page: 781
The Peace Settlement Page: 789
Chapter Summary Page: 793
Ch 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe between the Wars, 1919-1939 Page: 796
An Uncertain Peace Page: 797
The Democratic States in the West Page: 802
The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States Page: 805
The Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure Page: 822
Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years Page: 825
Chapter Summary Page: 830
Ch 27: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II Page: 832
Prelude to War (1933-1939) Page: 833
The Course of World War II Page: 840
The New Order Page: 848
The Home Front Page: 855
Aftermath of the War Page: 861
Chapter Summary Page: 865
Ch 28: Cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965 Page: 867
Development of the Cold War Page: 868
Europe and the World: Decolonization Page: 876
Recovery and Renewal in Europe Page: 882
The United States and Canada: A New Era Page: 889
Postwar Society and Culture in the Western World Page: 891
Chapter Summary Page: 899
Ch 29: Protest and Stagnation: The Western World, 1965-1985 Page: 901
A Culture of Protest Page: 902
A Divided Western World Page: 906
The Cold War: The Move to Detente Page: 914
Society and Culture in the Western World Page: 918
Chapter Summary Page: 924
Ch 30: After the Fall: The Western World in a Global Age (Since 1985) Page: 927
Toward a New Western Order Page: 928
After the Cold War: New World Order or Age of Terrorism? Page: 942
New Directions and New Problems in Western Society Page: 945
Western Culture Today Page: 947
The Digital Age Page: 951
Toward a Global Civilization: New Challenges and Hopes Page: 953
Chapter Summary Page: 958
Glossary Page: 961
Notes Page: 971
Index Page: 979