Table Of ContentHARVARD SEMITIC MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
Lawrence E. Stager, General Editor
WEST SEMITIC VOCABULARY
Michael D. Coogan, Director of Publications
IN THE AKKADIAN TEXTS
HARVARD SEMITIC STUDIES
FROM EMAR
Jo Ann Hackett and John Huehnergard, editors
Syriac Manuscripts: A Catalogue Moshe H. Goshen-Gottstein
Introduction to Classical Ethiopic Thomas O. Lambdin
Dictionary of Old South Arabic Joan C. Biella
The Poet and the Historian: Essays in
Literary and Historical Biblical Criticism Richard Elliott Friedman, Editor
The Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice Carol Newsom
Non-Canonical Psalms from Qumran:
A Pseudepigraphic Collection Eileen M. Schuller
The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls Elisha Qimron
An Exodus Scroll from Qumran Judith E. Sanderson
You Shall Have No Other Gods Jeffrey H. Tigay
Ugaritic Vocabulary in Syllabic Transcription John Huehnergard
The Scholarship of William Foxwell Albright Gus Van Beek by
The Akkadian of Ugarit John Huehnergard
Eugen J. Pentiuc
Features of the Eschatology of IV Ezra Michael E. Stone
Studies in Neo-Aramaic Wolfhart Heinrichs, Editor
Lingering over Words: Studies in Ancient Near Eastern
Literature in Honor of William L. Moran
Tzvi Abusch, John Huehnergard, Piotr Steinkeller, Editors
A Grammar of the Palestinian Tar gum Fragments
from the Cairo Genizah Steven E. Fassberg
The Origins and Development of the Waw-Consecutive:
Northwest Semitic Evidence from Ugaritic to Qumran Mark S. Smith
Amurru Akkadian: A Linguistic Study, Volume I Shlomo Izre'el
Amurru Akkadian: A Linguistic Study, Volume II Shlomo Izre'el
The Installation of Baal's High Priestess at Emar Daniel E. Fleming
The Development of the Arabic Scripts Beatrice Gruendler
The Archaeology of Israelite Samaria: Early Iron Age
through the Ninth Century BCE Ron Tappy
A Grammar of Akkadian John Huehnergard
Key to A Grammar of Akkadian John Huehnergard
Akkadian Loanwords in Biblical Hebrew Paul V. Mankowski
Adam in Myth and History: Ancient Israelite EISENBRAUNS
Perspectives on the Primal Human Dexter E. Callender Jr. Winona Lake, Indiana
Amarna Studies: Collected Writings William L. Moran
2001
WEST SEMITIC VOCABULARY IN THE
AKKADIAN TEXTS FROM EMAR
by
Eugen J. Pentiuc
COO-
"~3 > Copyright © 2001
jC*: O •^>>- The President and Fellows of Harvard College
1 o
*CO . I dedicate this work to my wife Flora
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os^f
^—> -
with love and appreciation
oo Printed in the United States of America
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pentiuc, Eugen J., 1955—
West Semitic vocabulary in the Akkadian texts from Emar / by Eugen J.
Pentiuc.
p. cm. — (Harvard Semitic studies ; no. 49)
Rev. ed. of author's thesis (Ph.D.)—Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.,
1997
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-57506-910-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Semitic languages, West—Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. 2. Semitic
languages, West—Grammar. 3. Akkadian language—Foreign words and
phrases—Semitic, West. 4. Emar (Extinct city) I. Title. II. Series.
PJ4105.P46 2001
492—dc21
2001040567
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.©™
CONTENTS
Abbreviations ....xi
1. Bibliographical xi
2. Texts xiv
3. Other xv
Introduction ............1
1. The Archaeology of Emar 1
2. Historical Background 6
3. The Corpus 10
4. The Linguistic Background 11
5. Methodology 12
6. Previous Work 15
7. Citation 16
Part One. The Glossary 19
Part Two. Grammatical Observations
on the West Semitic Forms 199
List of West Semitic Forms 199
I. Orthography 205
A. The Emar Syllabary 205
1. The Syllabic Signs 205
2. Determinatives in West Semitic Lexemes 213
3. Rare Values Attested at Emar and in
Other Western Peripheral Akkadian Corpora 214
4. The Use of CVC Signs 215
&
5. Plene and Broken Spellings 215
6. Consonant Doubling 216
B. The Representation of West Semitic Phonemes 217
1. The Consonants 217
2. The Vowels 227
II. Phonology 231
A. Assimilation 231
viii WEST SEMITIC VOCABULARY IN THE AKKADIAN TEXTS FROM EMAR
1. Consonant Assimilation ..........231
2. Vowel Assimilation 231
a) Regressive Assimilation 231
b) Vowel Harmony around Gutturals 232
c) Vowel Assimilation before Labials 232
d) Diphthong Contraction 232
B. Dissimilation. .......232
C. Prosthesis ....233
Acknowledgments
D. Anaptyxis (Vowel Epenthesis) 233
E. Syncope 233
1. Vowels 233
2. Consonants 234
With profound gratitude to God, I acknowledge those who have helped
F. Vowel Alternation 234
me reach the publication of this work, which is a revised version of my
G. Canaanite Shift 235 Ph.D. dissertation defended in the Department of Near Eastern Languages
H. The Status of w andy 235 and Civilizations at Harvard University in November 1997.
Limited space keeps many outstanding people from inclusion in these
1. Word-initial 235
2. Postconsonantal 236 acknowledgments, but not from my heart.
3. Intervocalic 236 First, my sincere and respectful thanks go to my advisor Professor John
HI. Morphology 237 Huehnergard. During my graduate years as well as from the conception of
this project and throughout its writing, he has guided, inspired, and en
A. The Pronoun 237
couraged me, in the tradition of the great pedagogues.
B. Nouns and Adjectives 237
I would also like to express my appreciation to Professors Jo Ann
1. Patterns 237 Hackett, Piotr Steinkeller, Daniel Fleming, Miguel Civil, and Michael
2. Inflection 242 Coogan for their helpful comments and suggestions.
a)Mimation 242 I wish to thank my friend Dr. Allan Emery III and my student William
b) Gender 242 Adams who patiently read various drafts of this work.
c) Number 243 I would like to thank Professors Jo Ann Hackett and John Huehnergard
d)Case 244 for publishing my work in the Harvard Semitic Studies Series.
e) Bound Forms 245
In spite of all the advice I received, any shortcomings or errors found
C. Verbs 246 in this work are my responsibility entirely.
1. Akkadianized Patterns 246 I am indebted to the Hyde Foundation and Professor George Ursul,
2. West Semitic Patterns 247 now deceased, for their financial support.
Appendix: Lists of Hittite and Hurrian Forms Discussed Finally, heartfelt gratitude goes to my parents Ana and Constantin (in
in the Glossary 249 his memory), to my faithful wife Flora, and to our children Daniel and
Cristina, for their unfailing love, patience and support.
Bibliography of Works Cited .«... 251
Eugen J. Pentiuc
Brookline, Massachusetts, Spring 2001
Indexes
Index of Forms Discussed 267
1. Nonnormative Akkadian 267
2. Hurrian 267
3. Hittite 268
4. West Semitic 268
5. Unidentified Forms 270
Abbreviations
1. Bibliographical
AAAS Annales archeologiques arabes syriennes
AASOR Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research
ABD D.N. Freedman (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols.
AbrN Abr-Nahrain
ABoT K. Balkan. Ankara arkeoloji muzesinde bulunan
Bo§azkoy tabletleri
ABZ4 R. Borger. Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste. 4th ed.
ADD C.H.W. Johns. Assyrian Deeds and Documents
AEPHER Annuaire. Ecole pratique des hautes etudes; Ve sec
tion—sciences religieuses
AfO Archiv filr Orientforschung
AHw W. von Soden. Akkadisches Handworterbuch
AION Annali delllstituto Universitario Orientali di Napoli
AJA American Journal of Archaeology
AJBI Annual of the Japanese Biblical Institute
AnOr Analecta Orientalia
AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament
AOS American Oriental Society (Papers)
ARM(T) Archives royales de Mari (Textes)
AS4 W. von Soden, W. RoUig. Das akkadische Syllabar. 4th ed.
ASJ Acta Sumerologica
AuOr(S) Aula Orientalis (Supplementa)
BA Biblical Archaeologist
BAM F. Kocher. Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in
Texten und Untersuchungen
BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
BBR H. Zimmern. Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der babylonischen
Religion
BDB F. Brown, S.R. Driver, C.A. Briggs. A Hebrew and
English Lexicon of the Old Testament
xii WEST SEMITIC VOCABULARY IN THE AKKADIAN TEXTS FROM EMAR Abbreviations xm
BiMes Bibliotheca Mesopotamica JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society
BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis JBL Journal of Biblical Literature
BLMJ Siglum for tablets in the Bible Lands Museum (Jerusa JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies
lem) JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the
CAD I.J. Gelb et al. (eds.). The Assyrian Dictionary of the Orient
Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies
CBQ The Catholic Biblical Quarterly KADP F. Kocher. Keilschrifttexte zur assyrisch-babylonischen
CCT Cuneiform Texts from Cappadocian Tablets Drogen- und Pflanzenkunde
CHD H.G. Giiterbock, H.A. Hoffner (eds.). The Hittite Dictio KM H. Donner, W. Rollig. Kanaandische und aramaische
Inschriften
nary of the Oriental Institute of the University of
KBo Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazkoi
Chicago
KTU M. Dietrich, O. Loretz, J. Sanmartin. Die
CRAIBL Comptes rendus de VAcademie des Inscriptions et
keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit. 2d ed.: The
Belles-Lettres
Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts from Ugarit, Ras Ibn
CT Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the
Hani and Other Places
British Museum
KUB Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazkoi
CTH E. Laroche. Catalogue des textes hittites. 2d ed.
Kiiltepe unpublished tablets from Kiiltepe
DAE P. Grelot. Documents arameens d'Egypte, introduction,
LKA E. Ebeling. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Assur
traduction, presentation
Malku synonym list malku = sarru
DLU G. del Olmo Lete, J. Sanmartm. Diccionario de la lengua MARI Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires
ugaritica MBQ-T texts from Tall Munbaqa, published by W. Mayer,
DNWSI J. Hoftijzer, K. Jongeling. Dictionary of the North-West MDOG 118 (1986) 126-31; 122 (1990) 45-66
Semitic Inscriptions MDOG Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft
EA W.L. Moran. TheAmarna Letters MEE G. Pettinato. Materiali epigrafici di Ebla 4: Testi
Emar VI D. Amaud. Recherches au pays dAStata: Textes lessicali bilingui
sumeriens et accadiens. 4 vols. Mit Lettre mitannienne de TuSratta = EA 24
Eretz-Israel Eretz-Israel MRS Mission de Ras Shamra
GAG W. von Soden. Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik MSL B. Landsberger, et al. (eds.). Materials for the Sumerian
Lexicon
GLH E. Laroche. Glossaire de la langue hourrite
NABU Nouvelles assyriologiques breves et utilitaires
HALOT L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, J.J. Stamm. The Hebrew
OA Oriens Antiquus
and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated OBTI S. Greengus. Old Babylonian Tablets from Ishchali
and edited under the supervision of M.E.J. Richardson. 5 and Vicinity
vols. OLP Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica
Hh lexical series HAR-ra = hubullu (= B. Landsberger, E. OLZ Orientalistische Literaturzeitung
Or Orientalia
Reiner, MSL 5-11)
Practical Voca lexical text, published by B. Landsberger and O.
HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs
bulary Assur Gurney, AfO 18
HSS Harvard Semitic Studies
PRU Le Palais royal d'Ugarit
HTR Harvard Theological Review
RA Revue d'assyriologie et d'archeologie orientate
HW J. Friedrich. Hethitisches Wbrterbuch RB Revue biblique
Idu lexical series A = idu RE G. Beckman. Texts from the Vicinity of Emar in the
Izbu commentary to the series Summa izbu, cited from MSL Collection of Jonathan Rosen
Commentary RHA Revue hittite et asianique
JANES Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Colum RLA E. Ebeling et al. (eds.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und
vorderasiatischen Archaologie
bia University
xiv WEST £ SEMITIC VCXTABULARY IN THE AKKADIAN TEXTS FROM EMAR Abbreviations xv
RS Ras Shamra excavation/tablet number Emar D. Arnaud. Emar VI/3-4
RSO Rivista degli Studi Orientali Iraq 54 S. Dalley, B. Teissier. "Tablets from the Vicinity of Emar
Sa lexical series Syllabary A and Elsewhere"
SMbG J. Aro. Studien zur mittelbabylonischen Grammatik JCS 34 M. Sigrist. "Miscellanea." JCS 34 (1982) 242-52
SMEA Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici JCS 40 G. Beckman. "Three Tablets from the Vicinity of Emar"
StOr Studia Orientalia RA77 J. Huehnergard. "Five Tablets from the Vicinity of Emar"
SynL synonym list RE G. Beckman. Texts from the Vicinity of Emar in the
Syria Syria: Revue d'art oriental et d'archeologie Collection of Jonathan Rosen
TDP R. Labat. Traite akkadien de diagnostics et pronostics Sigrist, "Seven M. Sigrist. "Seven Emar Tablets"
medicaux Tablets"
TA Tel Aviv
3. Other
UF Ugarit-Forschungen
Ug.5 J. Nougayrol et al. (eds.). Ugaritica 5
Ug.7 C.F.A. Schaeffer (ed.). Ugaritica 7 ace. accusative
Uruanna pharmaceutical series uruanna: maStakal act. active
UT C.H. Gordon. Ugaritic Textbook adloc. ad locum, at the place discussed
VT Vetus Testamentum adj(s). adjective(s)
WO Die Welt des Orients Akk. Akkadian
ZA Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Alal. Alalah
alphab. alphabetic (text, form)
Archaologie
Arab. Arabic
ZAH Zeitschrift fur Althebraistik
Aram. Aramaic
ZDMG Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenldndischen
Assyr. Assyrian
Gesellschaft
Babyl. Babylonian
ZDPV Zeitschrift des deutschen Paldstina-Vereins
Bog. Bogazkoy
2. Texts c. common gender
C causative stem of the verb
C consonant
ASJ 6 A. Tsukimoto. "Eine neue Urkunde des Tili-Sarruma,
ca. circa
Sohn des Konigs von KarkamiS"
Can. Canaanite
ASJ 10 A. Tsukimoto. "Sieben spatbronzezeitliche Urkunden
aus Syrien" cf. compare
ASJ 12 A. Tsukimoto. "Akkadian Tablets in the Hirayama CommSem. Common Semitic
conj. conjugation
Collection (I)"
ASJ 13 A. Tsukimoto. "Akkadian Tablets in the Hirayama D verbal stem with doubled middle radical
Collection (II)" DA Deir cAlla
ASJ 13 A. Tsukimoto. "Six Text Fragments from the Middle det. determinative
Euphrates Region" * DN divine name
ASJ 14 A. Tsukimoto. "Akkadian Tablets in the Hirayama du. dual
Collection (III)" EA El Amarna
ASJ 14 A. Tsukimoto. "An Akkadian Field Sale Document econ. economic (text)
Privately Held in Tokyo" ed(s). editor(s), edited by
AuOr 5 D. Arnaud. "La Syrie du moyen-Euphrate sous le e-g- exempli gratia, for example
protectorat hittite: contrats de droit prive" Eg- Egyptian
AuOrS^ D. Arnaud. Textes syriens de I'dge du Bronze Recent Elam. Elamite
xvi WEST SEMITIC VOCABULARY IN THE AKKADIAN EMAR Abbreviations
esp. especially pass. passive
et al. et alii, and others passim here and there
Eth. Ethiopian Ph. Phoenician
f./fem. feminine PN personal name
G basic stem of the verb PP- pages
gen. genitive prep. preposition
GN geographical name ptcpl(s). participle(s)
Gt basic verbal stem with infixed -t- PS Proto Semitic
Hatt. Hattusas Pun. Punic
Heb. Hebrew R radical (of a root)
Hiph. Hiphcil rel. relative
Hithp. Hithpacel s./sg. singular
Hitt. Hittite Sab. Sabaic (South Arabian)
Hurr. Hurrian SB Standard Babylonian (Akkadian)
ibid. ibidem, in the same place Sem. Semitic
inf. infinitive Sum. Sumerian
interj. interjection syll. syllable, syllabic (writing, text)
JAram. Jewish Aramaic Syr. Syriac
1(1). line(s) s.v(v). sub voce/vocibus, under the word(s) in question
LB Late Babylonian (Akkadian) Ugar. Ugaritic
legal legal (text) VI v vowel
lex. lexical (text) v./vb. verb, verbal
lit. literary (text) var. variant
log. logogram, logographic viz. videlicet, namely
m./masc. masculine vol(s). volume(s)
MA Middle Assyrian (Akkadian) vs. versus
MB Middle Babylonian (Akkadian) WPA West Peripheral Akkadian
mng. meaning wr. written
Mo. Moabite WS West Semitic
n. noun /roman/ phonemic representation
NA Neo-Assyrian (Akkadian) [italic] damaged signs
Nab. Nabatean r italic'* partially damaged signs
NB Neo-Babylonian (Akkadian) * precedes reconstructed form
Niph. Niphcal ** precedes unattested form
no. number < > scribal omission
nom. nominative « » scribal addition
num. numeral
NWS Northwest Semitic
OA Old Assyrian (Akkadian)
OAkk. Old Akkadian
obi. oblique
OffAram. Official Aramaic
p./pl. plural
PA Peripheral Akkadian
Palm. Palmyrene
INTRODUCTION
All lexical items discussed in this study are found in the Akkadian texts
written at Emar in the Late Bronze Age. The study has two parts. The first
part is an analytical glossary including nonnormative Akkadian forms,
Hittite and Hurrian words, West Semitic lexemes, and words whose origin
remains unknown. The second part is a summary of grammatical observa
tions on the West Semitic lexical material alone.
1. The Archaeology of Emar
The texts which comprise the object of this research were discovered at
Meskene Qadime (the ancient port city of Emar), on the great bend of the
Euphrates river, during several seasons of excavations (1972-76) led by the
French archaeologist J.-Cl. Margueron.1 These excavations, averaging six
to seven weeks each season, sought to salvage the vestiges of the ancient
ruins in the area and were prompted by the Syrian government's intention
to erect a dam on the Euphrates at Tabqa. Soon the valley would be sub
merged into Lake El Assad. Today the site of Late Bronze Emar is sur
rounded by water and the lowest sections of the city are filled with pools.
While Emar was being excavated, other sites in the region were uncov
ered, including Tell Hadidi (ancient Anzu), which yielded 14 tablets,2 and
Munbaqa (ancient Ekalte), which produced 81 tablets.3
Emar is first mentioned in an Ebla document dating from the twenty-
fourth century B.C., when the local kings of this Syrian city were subjects
of either Ebla's or Mari's ruler.4 Another mention of Emar is found in the
nineteenth century B.C. at Mari,5 when Aleppo exercised supremacy in the
region. As Beckman6 noted, the interest of the local powers in Emar was
strategic, due to its location at the crossroads between Mesopotamia on the
one hand, and Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and the Aegean on the other.7
1 For a summary of the archaeological excavations at Emar, see Beyer, Meskene
Emar. See also Margueron, Histoire et archeologie 122 (1987) 20-21; RLA 8 (1993)
84-93; BA 58 (1995) 126-38. The final reports have not yet been published.
2 Dornemann, AASOR 44 (1979) 113-51. The tablets are to be published by R.
Whiting.
3 Mayer, MDOG118 (1986) 126-31; 122 (1990) 45-66. According to Wilcke (AuOr
10 [1992] 124-25), the tablets found at Munbaqa date from the same period as the
Emar tablets.
4 Archi, MARI 6 (1990) 21-38.
5 Durand, MARI 6 (1990) 39-92.
6 "Emar and Its Archives," 3.
7 Klengel, OLZ 83 (1988) 646.
2 WEST SEMITIC VOCABULARY IN THE AKKADIAN TEXTS FROM EMAR Introduction 3
The site of Emar measures 1000 meters east-west and 700 meters north- Emar Architecture
south.8 Since the eastern side showed deep levels of later occupation, the
As Margueron19 noted, while the public and residential buildings were
main activity was concentrated on the western side of the site.9
greatly influenced by the Hittites, suggesting that Hittite artisans were di
In the beginning the team was searching for the third and second mil
rectly involved in the process of building, the four temples discovered at
lennia B.C. strata,10 but after four seasons of excavations only Late Bronze
Emar show, rather, a Syrian style. Apparently the Hittites were not inter
evidence had been found. This led to the conclusion that the earlier city
ested in replacing the local religious system with their own.20
mentioned in the Ebla and Mari text corpora was located in a different
Area A: Among the public buildings uncovered in Area A, a high prom
place than the Late Bronze city. Margueron" suggested that the old city
ontory overlooking the Euphrates Valley, was a blt-hilani palace, the earli
was built in the Euphrates Valley. During the Late Bronze Age, Emar, the
est attestation of this Hittite architectural style in Syria.21 Its traces point to
capital of the province "Land of Agtata,"12 was included in the Hittite em
a large and wide colonnaded portico leading to two oblong rooms. The
pire. According to Geyer,13 it was about this time when, because of a change
second room was probably the throne room.22 A few small rooms were
in the flow of the Euphrates, the older city in the valley was abandoned for
attached to its back side. From this palace built at the northwest corner, the
a new one, built on the cliffs.14 According to Margueron,15 the new city was
local king could watch both the city and the port bordering the northern
built with direct financial support from the Hittite empire.
side of Emar. A few tablets (Emar 1-22), mostly legal documents, includ
The western half of the site was occupied from the late fourteenth to the
ing sale contracts, were found in the blt-hilani palace.23
early twelfth centuries B.C., except for the center of the site, where a Mus
Area E: A pair of temples were uncovered on the highest point of the
lim cemetery was found. The investigation of the cemetery by the team of
site, the southwest edge. The temples were built side by side, with the en
the Institut Francais d'Etudes Arabes (IFEA) led to the discovery of the
trance facing east. Both were designed in the mageron style, consisting of a
Late Bronze temple M, and its major archive of Akkadian texts.
single long room, a cella, and a porch. The cella had two main compo
The eastern side of the site was reoccupied during Roman, Byzantine,
nents corresponding perhaps to two sections: an altar for offerings, and a
and early Islamic periods. Under the Byzantines its name was Barbalissos,
podium for the divinity along with benches on the back wall.24 The south
while the Arabs called it Balis.16 During the Roman and Byzantine periods,
ern temple was longer than the other. The northern temple also had a bench
the city was surrounded by a rampart. After the Ayyubid period the city of
along the southern wall of the cella and small pillar bases along the floor.25
Emar was sporadically settled but no major architecture is reported.17
The two temples were separated by a street communicating with an espla
The Late Bronze city was defended by the three steep slopes of the lime
nade behind the temples. Remains of an altar and holes in the rock may be
stone plateau, and by a massive moat (500 meters long, 30 meters wide, and
detected on this esplanade, whose function was probably cultic.26
15 meters deep) on its western side. No traces of gates were detected but,
Twenty-one tablets (Emar 42-62) were discovered in the southern
based on topography, they were probably at the center of each side.18 The
difficulty encountered by the founders was the terrain of the plateau sloping
from east to west. Thus, an intricate plan of terracing and quarrying through 19 Le Moyen Euphrate, 308-12.
out the city was designed. After the terracing, the new city was equipped 20 Pitard, "The Archaeology of Emar," 23.
with a complex street system along with public and residential sections. 21 Margueron (AASOR 44 [1979] 153-76) notes that Building E, a palace in HattuSa
(modern Bogazkoy), also has characteristics of the blt-hilani. Pitard ("The Archae
ology of Emar," 17) disputes Margueron's assumption about the Hittite origin of
8 See Margueron, AAAS 32 (1982) 242.
this type of building, noting the huge chronological gap between Bogazkoy struc
" It may be noted that another team, led by A. Raymond and L. Golvin, and
ture and the main examples of this architectural style in Syria.
affiliated with the Institut Francais d'Etudes Arabes (IFEA), did some work on the 22 Margueron, BA 58 (1995) 130.
eastern levels of the site; see Margueron, AAAS 32 (1982) 238. *
23 Because of the insignificant nature of the archive, Dietrich (UF 22 [1990] 25-
10 Pitard, "The Archaeology of Emar," 14-15.
48) considers this building an administrative building rather than a palace. Pitard
11 "Architecture et urbanisme," 11.
("The Archaeology of Emar," 17) notes that the important location of this building
12 Laroche, "Emar," 236.
is a more compelling argument for identifying it as a palace type.
13 MARI 6 (1990) 107-19.
24 Margueron (Le Monde de la Bible 20 [1981] 31-33) compares the threefold
14 Pitard, "The Archaeology of Emar," 15.
division of the Jerusalem Temple Culam, hekal, ddbir) with that of the Emar temples
15 Le Moyen Euphrate, 89, 285-312; Le Monde de la Bible 20 (1981) 30-33.
(also the temple of Tell Taynat from the seventh century B.C.), suggesting a Syrian
16 Pitard, "The Archaeology of Emar," 14. See also Margueron, BA 58 (1995) 130.
origin for the plan of the Jerusalem Temple.
17 Margueron, BA 58 (1995) 128.
25 Margueron, "Architecture et urbanisme," 29-31.
18 See Margueron, BA 58 (1995) 130.
26 Margueron, Le Moyen Euphrate, 308-9; "Emar, Capital of Agtata," 130.
