Table Of ContentAndrâs Rona-Tas
|Â rpâd Berta
with the assistance of
Lâszlo Kâroly
WEST OLD TURKIC
TURKIC LOANWORDS IN HUNGARIAN
ParT I:
Introduction, Lexicon »A-K«
2011
Harrassowitz Verlag • Wiesbaden
Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
Publication of this book was supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, the
National Research and Development Programme and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Cover illus^tr^tion: The picture on the cover is from Cod Clmx 404 of the Chronicum Pictum, now held
in the Szechenyi National Library, Budapest. On p. 21, we see the Conquest of Pannonia. On the right-
hand side, Arpâd arrives on a white horse with six captains and lance-wielding armoured warriors to
conquer the Carpathian Basin. In the centre, surrounded by Hungarians calling the name of God three
times, Arpâd drinks the water of the Danube from a drinking horn. To the left stands Kushid with a
wooden flagon in his hand for the same purpose. On the left-hand side, the Slav prince Svatopluk on
his throne receives Kushid. Kushid’s groom leads the white horse with a golden saddle. In the lower
right-hand corner, women approach with their children, while herdsmen and castles can be seen at the
top. The pictures in the Codex were painted around 1360.
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Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
Table of contents
Part I
Table of contents ............................................................................................................. v
Preface................................................................................................................................. vıı
Introduction
1 Previous Research ......................................................................................................... 3
1.1 A brief overview of previous research on Turkic elements in Hungarian........... 3
1.2 Works on Turkic historicallexicology ................................................................... 11
2 Historical background ................................................................................................ 19
2.1 Turks in East Europe .............................................................................................. 19
2.2 Iranians in East Europe ........................................................................................... 24
2.3 Goths in East Europe .............................................................................................. 25
2.4 Slavs in East Europe................................................................................................ 25
2.5 Hungarians in East Europe..................................................................................... 27
2.5.1 The names of the Hungarians.................................................................... 27
2.5.2 Early written sources on the Hungarians .................................................. 31
2.5.3 The Hungarians on the East European steppe........................................... 32
2.6 The Carpathian Basin on the eve of the Hungarian conquest.............................. 36
2.7 Hungarian-Turkic contacts after the conquest of the Carpathian Basin............. 39
3 The structure of the lexicon..................................................................................... 41
3.1 General questions .................................................................................................... 41
3.2 The “head” ............................................................................................................... 42
Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
VI Table of contents
3.3 Etymological status.................................................................................................. 43
3.4 Database................................................................................................................... 44
3.5 Turkic etymology...................................................................................................... 46
3.6 Hungarian etymology.............................................................................................. 48
3.7 Bibliography............................................................................................................. 48
3.8 Transcription and transliteration............................................................................ 49
Lexicon
4 Lexicon »A-K«................................................................................................................. 53
A, Â ................................................................................................................................. 53
B ....................................................................................................................................... 83
C ..................................................................................................................................... 198
Cs..................................................................................................................................... 206
D ..................................................................................................................................... 281
E, E ................................................................................................................................. 307
G ..................................................................................................................................... 348
Gy ................................................................................................................................... 363
H ..................................................................................................................................... 425
I, ^ ................................................................................................................................... 437
J ....................................................................................................................................... 474
K ..................................................................................................................................... 478
Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
Preface
The main aim of this work is to contribute to the reconstruction of West Old Tur-
kic. Old Turkic refers to those Turkic languages which were spoken approximately
between the 5*^ and the early 12*^ centuries. In the 5*^ century independent sources
such as Chinese, Greek and others (see Chapter Three) report about new peoples
who start to play important role in Eurasia. They spoke closely related idioms which
were the forerunners of the later Turkic languages. In the Eastern part of Eurasia the
Turks founded an Empire in 553 A.D. in the territory which is now Mongolia. Even
earlier, in 463, Greek sources inform us about the names of Turkic newcomers in
East Europe. From the middle of the 6*^ century Central Eurasia, from the Danube to
the Yellow river was under Turkic rule or influence. This lasted until the Mongolian
invasion in the early 13*^ century. We use Old Turkic to denote all varieties of Turkic
spoken in this large territory and during this long period. Until recent times it was
customary to call Old Turkic (Alttürkisch, drevnetjurkskij) all languages and dialects
of this period. In practice, however, this term covered only those languages spoken
in the East of Old Turcia. The ever growing amount of East Old Turkic sources and
its deepening research made this understandable. Our aim is to contribute material
to the research of the varieties of Turkic languages spoken in the West of Old Turcia,
West of the Ural mountain range and the Ural river. The Turkic peoples of East Eu-
rope in the Old Turkic times exerted great influence on other peoples living in the
area. Among them were the Hungarians, who lived with and among Turks from the
5*^ to the end of the 9*^ century, and did not loose contacts until the Mongolian inva
sion of Hungary in 1241, and perhaps even later. These close contacts are mirrored in
a great number of loanwords, and we offer here the results of our research on these
loanwords as a contribution to the reconstruction of West Old Turkic.
As a second aim of this book I would mention our contribution to the etymo-
logical studies of Turkic. We try to reconstruct the form which has been copied by
Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
VIII Preface
the Hungarian speakers. In addition we analyse the morphological structure of the
Turkic word, as far as our knowledge permits. If a word is a loan in Turkic, we make
attempts to trace its origin.
The third aim is to contribute to the history of the Hungarian language and peo-
ple. Turkic loanwords have long been used in the reconstruction of the history of the
Hungarian language. In light of the great amount of new results in Turkology, the
earlier studies need an urgent revision. On the other hand we would like to facili-
tate the use of the Hungarian data for Turkologists to whom the literature in and on
Hungarian is difficult to access.
Language contacts mirror historical contacts, thus we try to exploit the material
also for the cultural history of East Europe at the same time.
Last but not least we would like to offer this book to PhD students in Turkology
and East European studies. Arpâd Berta and I gave lectures on this topic to our PhD
students at our University in Szeged. Many of our students had great fun with these
types of research and after a time they became our helpers and collaborators. Below
we shall give their names. We hope that we can entice new young scholars into this
fascinating work.
It is always very difficult to write a book in a team or in a co-authorship. On
the other hand it becomes more and more difficult to work isolated and alone. The
co-operation of the authors run as follows: Professor Arpâd Berta was one of my first
students when I begun to teach Altaic studies at the University of Szeged. He first
graduated in German and Slavic studies and after having joined the courses of the
Department of Altaic studies also graduated there. After having defended his PhD in
Turkology he became a faculty member of the Department. He defended his Doctor
of Sciences dissertation in 1996 at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and became
full professor in the same year. He lead the Department of Altaic studies, founded
by me in 1974, until his untimely death in 2008 March.
Our co-operation in writing this book has lasted since the middle of the nineties.
We published a paper in which we outlined our undertaking and gave a few sample
articles. This appeared in Acta Orientalia Academi^ Scientiarum Hungaric^ (Berta-
Rona-Tas 2002). We are grateful for the numerous reactions and advices which we
got in resonance of our article.
The bulk of the book is the four hundred-odd entries of the Old Turkic loanwords
in Hungarian. I wrote the entries beginning with the letters A, B, Gy, H, I, J, K and
Professor Berta the draft of the remaining ones. We were in continuous contact. We
sent each other various drafts of the word articles, and got criticism, additional data,
new literature, etc., in exchange. In the very few cases where we could not convince
the other of a point, we noted this in the text. Professor Berta worked on his part until
his last days. I got the last pages a few days before his death. The entire manuscript
Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
Preface IX
left by him to me needed in some parts no essential changes. In other cases it was
scattered with notes about further literature, data, doubts and ideas. My fırst task
was to make a preliminary editing work, in most cases shortenings and checking.
In cases where my opinion was different I noted his ideas where possible. Then it
went to the hands of Lâszlo Kâroly a former student of ours, who defended his PhD
dissertation in 2008. He is in charge of the final editing work. The chapters 1-3 and
5-7 further the subchapters 8.5-8.9, and 8.11 of the Apparatus are my work, but they
contain a lot of ideas which we have discussed with Arpâd Berta during our common
work.
We asked an international panel of consultants to advise us mainly in the concept
and structure of the work. The members of this panel were the professors Eva Csato-
Johanson (Uppsala), Marcel Erdal (Frankfurt am Main), Lars Johanson (Mainz), Peter
Laut (Freiburg, now in Göttingen), Claus Schönig (İstanbul, now in Berlin), Marek
Stachowski (Krakow), Istvân Vâsâry (Budapest), and Peter Zieme (Berlin). We were
in permanent contact after our first meeting in Szeged 2002, and I offer my sincere
thanks for the many suggestions and ideas we got from them. Special thanks are
due to Peter Zieme, who made a last check on words occurring in the Old Uyghur
sources.
The essence of Chapter Five was used for a series of lectures which we gave
together with Professor Marianne Bakro-Nagy, chair of the Department of Finno-
Ugric studies, Szeged, during the Fall semester 2007. I owe sincere thanks to her
and Professor Lâszlo Honti, with whom we discussed selected problems of Ugric-
Hungarian historical phonology.
Parts of Chapter Six was the topic of a joint intensive course to PhD students in
November 2008 which we held with Professor Lars Johanson, Mainz, on linguistic
history and language contact. Many ideas put down in this book rose during this
fruitful collaboration.
This is the place to thank to our collaborators. Eva Csâki and Elod Kovâcs helped
us in compiling lists of bibliographies. Elod Kovâcs and Monika Biacsi took part in
the editing of the Lexicon. Monika Biacsi took care of the clerical work and adminis-
tration. Our PhD students Lâszlo Kâroly, Istvân Lengyel and Sândor Szatmâri helped
in collecting data. Some of the Old Hungarian data were checked by Balâzs Sinkovics.
Bela Kempf helped us in Mongolian lexical problems and in editing. We could rely
on the PhD dissertation of Eva Nagy concerning Mongolian elements is Chagatay.
Many thanks to all of them.
Some parts of the English of my text were corrected by Doug Hitch (White Horse,
Yukon, Canada). I am deeply indebted to him not only for his generous help in pol-
ishing my English, but also for his several advices and comments on the margin of
the text. Items in the Lexicon written by Berta and myself were proofread by Thomas
Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
X Preface
Winiams and Iren Annus. The English of Chapters 3,5-7 was corrected by Jim Tucker
(New York-Budapest).
The work has been carried out in the Research Group of Turkology of the Hungar-
ian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged. After the death of Professor
Berta the Research group was lead by Professor Ferenc Makk, and since the 1®‘ of
October 2009 by Professor Mâria Ivanics. Thanks are due to them for their under-
standing.
The work was partly also sponsored by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
(OTKA 034955), the National Research and Development Programme (NKFP 5/021),
and the publishing by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
I offer our sincere thanks to the Swedish Collegium of Advanced Studies in Social
Sciences, Uppsala, for fellowships given to Arpâd and me in the year 2005/2006. The
high intellectual environment and the excellent working facilities helped us greatly
to finish the book.
Further acknowledgements are due to Borbâla Gulyâs, who joined the editing
team in 2008.
The manuscript of the work has been closed in the summer of 2009, but works
which reached us after 2006 could be only sporadically taken into account. The com-
plicated editing work lasts until the manuscript goes to the Publishing House Harras-
sowitz. It is my duty to thank to the publishers, and personally to Dr. Barbara KrauB,
for her co-operation and understanding, without which the publication of this book
would have never been realised.
Professor Lars Johanson was so kind to include this work to the series Turcologica.
This and his many advises and his permanent encouragement facilitated in a great
manner the fınalising works.
Szeged, November 2009 Andrâs Rona-Tas
Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
Introduction
Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
Türk Dilleri Kütüphanesi
