Table Of ContentSSttuuddiieess iinn iimmppeerriiaalliissmm
‘This is a fine collection and its significance lies in several areas.West Indian
intellectuals were important actors in the drama that was to change the face of
Britain,both because they adopted and reformulated British ideas about culture,
and because they brought with them important cultural texts,including novels,
poems and essays.’
Simon Gikandi,University of Michigan B I L L S C H W A R Z
Caribbean migration to Britain brought many new things – new musics,
new foods,new styles.It brought new ways of thinking too.This lively,
innovative book explores the intellectual ideas which the West Indians
brought with them to Britain.It shows that for more than a century West
Indians living in Britain developed a dazzling intellectual critique of the
codes of Imperial Britain.
This is the first comprehensive discussion of the major Caribbean thinkers
who came to live in twentieth-century Britain. Chapters discuss the
influence of,amongst others,C.L.R.James,Una Marson,George Lamming,
Jean Rhys, Claude McKay and V. S. Naipaul.The contributors to this
fascinating volume draw from many different disciplines to bring alive the
thought and personalities of the figures they discuss,providing a dramatic
picture of intellectual developments in Britain from which we can still
learn much. A lucid introduction argues that the recovery of this
Caribbean past,on the home-territory of Britain itself,reveals much about
the prospects of multiracial Britain.
Written in an accessible manner, undergraduates and general readers
interested in relations between the Caribbean and Britain, imperial
history,literature,cultural and black studies will all find much of interest
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in this collection.
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Bill Schwarz teaches at Goldsmiths College,University of London
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general editor John M. MacKenzie
Established in the belief that imperialism as a cultural
phenomenon had as significant an effect on the dominant
ason the subordinate societies, Studies in Imperialism
seeks to develop the new socio-cultural approach which
hasemerged through cross-disciplinary work on popular
culture, media studies, art history, the study of education
and religion, sports history and children’s literature.
Thecultural emphasis embraces studies of migration and
race, while the older political and constitutional,
economicand military concerns are never far away.
Itincorporates comparative work on European and
American empire-building, with the chronological focus
primarily, though not exclusively, on the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries, when these cultural exchanges were
most powerfully at work.
West Indian intellectuals in Britain
AVAILABLE IN THE SERIES
Cultural identities and the aesthetics of Britishness ed.Dana Arnold
Britain in China
Community, culture and colonialism, 1900–1949 Robert Bickers
New frontiers
Imperialism’s new communities in East Asia 1842–1952
eds Robert Bickers and Christian Henriot
Western medicine as contested knowledge
eds Andrew Cunningham and Bridie Andrews
The Arctic in the British imagination 1818–1914Robert G. David
Imperial cities
Landscape, display and identity
eds Felix Driver and David Gilbert
Science and society in Southern Africa ed.Saul Dubow
Equal subjects, unequal rights
Indigenous peoples in British settler colonies, 1830s–1910
Julie Evans, Patricia Grimshaw, David Phillips and Shurlee Swain
Emigration from Scotland between the wars Marjory Harper
Empire and sexuality
The British experienceRonald Hyam
Reporting the Raj
The Britsh press in India, c. 1880–1922Chandrika Kaul
Law, history, colonialism
The reach of empire eds Diane Kirkby and Catherine Coleborne
The South African War reappraised ed.Donal Lowry
The empire of nature
Hunting, conservation and British imperialismJohn M. MacKenzie
Imperialism and popular culture ed. John M. MacKenzie
Propaganda and empire
The manipulation of British public opinion, 1880–1960John M. MacKenzie
Gender and imperialism ed. Clare Midgley
Guardians of empire
The armed forces of the colonial powers, c. 1700–1964
eds David Omissi and David Killingray
Female imperialism and national identity
Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire Katie Pickles
Married to the empire
Gender, politics and imperialism in India, 1883–1947 Mary A. Procida
Imperial persuaders
Images of Africa and Asia in British advertising Anandi Ramamurthy
Imperialism and music
Britain 1876–1953 Jeffrey Richards
Colonial frontiers
Indigenous–European encounters in settler societies ed. Lynette Russell
Jute and empire
The Calcutta jute wallahs and the landscapes of empire
Gordon T. Stewart
The imperial game
Cricket, culture and society
eds Brian Stoddart and Keith A. P. Sandiford
British culture and the end of empireed. Stuart Ward
West Indian
intellectuals
in Britain
edited by Bill Schwarz
MANCHESTER
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Manchester and New York
distributed exclusively in the USA by
PALGRAVE
Copyright © Manchester University Press 2003
While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press,
copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors, and no chapter
may be reproduced wholly or in part without the express permission in writing of both
author and publisher.
Published by MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD ROAD, MANCHESTER M13 9NR, UK
and ROOM 400, 175 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10010, USA
www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk
Distributed exclusively in the USA by
PALGRAVE, 175 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10010, USA
Distributed exclusively in Canada by
UBC PRESS, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA,
2029 WEST MALL, VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA V6T 1Z2
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
ISBN 0 7190 6474 0 hardback
ISBN 0 7190 6475 9 paperback
First published 2003
11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Typeset in Trump Medieval
by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester
Printed in Great Britain
by CPI, Bath
CONTENTS
General editor’s introduction – page vi
List of contributors – page viii
Acknowledgements – page x
Introduction:Crossing the seas Bill Schwarz page 1
1 What is a West Indian? Catherine Hall 31
2 ‘To do something for the race’: Harold Moody and the
League of Coloured Peoples David Killingray 51
3 A race outcast from an outcast class: Claude McKay’s
experience and analysis of Britain Winston James 71
4 Jean Rhys: West Indian intellectual Helen Carr 93
5 Una Marson: feminism, anti-colonialism and a forgotten
fight for freedom Alison Donnell 114
6 George Padmore Bill Schwarz 132
7 C. L. R. James: visions of history, visions of Britain
Stephen Howe 153
8 George Lamming Mary Chamberlain 175
9 ‘This is London calling the West Indies’: the BBC’s
Caribbean Voices Glyne Griffith 196
10 The Caribbean Artists Movement Louis James 209
11 V. S. Naipaul Sue Thomas 228
Afterword: The predicament of history Bill Schwarz 248
Index – 258
[ v]
GENERAL EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION
In 1907, Sir Algernon Aspinall published his Pocket Guide to the West Indies.
It is a classic case of ‘imperial eyes’ in print, of the rhetoric of colonial tourism.
The section on ‘population’ occupies no more than three pages and is devoted
almost entirely to slavery and labour. Thus the Pocket Guideconcentrates on
place rather than people, on alleged economic progress instead of cultural
potential, on the imperial more than the local community. But this travel guide
seems to have been as popular with its white audience as were so many others
of the same genre. By the 1950s it had passed through ten editions and was still
appearing in the 1960s, revised after Aspinall’s death by Professor J. Sydney
Dash. Astonishingly, the original text on ‘population’ was still being printed,
almost unchanged, in the later version. There was also very little alteration to
the suggestions for further reading. Trollope and Froude continued to feature
prominently together with (for Jamaica), the hoary old texts Long, Bridges, and
the more recent Cundall, who had published a handbook for settlers as recently
as 1905. Not a single black Caribbean author figured at all.
The notion that the West Indies might produce an individual culture, with
a lively literary, linguistic, musical and dance tradition, interrogating and
interacting with Africa, the Americas and Europe, clearly never occurred to
Aspinall, and probably not to Dash either. Nor would either have considered
the possibility of a vibrant popular culture flowing out into an intellectual
one. In some respects, the collection of essays in this book is about that
mutual flow not only between a so-called low and high culture, but also
within the eddies and backwashes of cultural phenomena on an inter-
continental basis. It is about intellectuals in the broadest organic sense –
enquirers, thinkers, activists, propagators – who centralise their supposed
marginality through complex networks of cultural quests. They position
themselves in respect of myths of empire, of origins, and of multiple radical
streams flowing into the revolutionary impulses of the twentieth century.
They become intellectual travellers, turning the imperial gaze and the
rhetoric of tourism back upon itself, and discovering liberating ideas and ide-
ologies, fresh literary conjunctions and print opportunities, enabling new and
varied voices to be heard.
What is striking about all these West Indian intellectual voices is the extent
to which their timbre was forged through radicalising moments – the first
world war; the race riots of 1919; (above all) Mussolini’s attack upon Abyssinia
in 1935; the Jamaican riots of 1938. It is also striking that so many of them
moved from concepts of imperial progress to notions of revolutionary progress.
Partly this was based in nineteenth-century philosophies, partly in the cru-
cibles of revolt of the twentieth century. But there were journeys to be made
here too: from a largely masculine perspective to one that recognised the pow-
erful insights and aspirations of the women who emerged among them; from
[ vi]
GENERAL EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION
illusions of hope to the disillusion of revolution betrayed; of colonialism giving
way to neo-colonialism; of overt to covert racism.
Even in a supposedly mature historical and literary community, there are
still those who regard empire as having had little or no effect upon British
culture. There are also still those who give no credence to the instrumentality
of nationalist thought and action. In 2003 a popular (and generally well-
received) television series on the British empire, the good empire which laid
low the evil empires of the fascists and the Japanese, suggested that national-
ists did not win decolonisation, nor was it given by the British. It was forced,
according to its author and presenter Niall Ferguson, upon all concerned by the
new aspirant empire of the United States. The declining empire and the ambi-
tious nationalists of Africa, Asia and the Caribbean were equally useless in the
face of unstoppable global geo-political forces. By these lights, the individual
voices and actions of the people in this book become hopelessly tossed torsos
and limbs upon a historical raft of the Medusa.
It may well be that such a bleak assessment has no place in serious histori-
cal scholarship, however immediately appealing it may seem to some. This
book offers a powerful contrary testimony. But there are interesting negative
lessons here too. Intellectual and ideological group orthodoxies should never be
permitted to become fundamentalist. The ‘other’ (of whatever sort) should
never become the scapegoat for all historical ills, the excuse for present griev-
ance and inaction. Those who experience and struggle against the oppression
of race and marginality should never fail to spot, and rebel against, other modes
of oppression, of gender, of different forms of ability, or of minority sexualities.
Regime should never be justified solely by race, present oppression by a past
record of overthrow. We should also be attentive to the possibility of new rad-
icalising moments. Maybe 2003 offers the potential for just such a one. But as
the cliché goes, only history will tell.
This volume offers many opportunities for pondering the significance of
multiple diasporas, social and intellectual displacement and replacement,
racism, definitions of culture, and the potential transformation of dominant
societies by the cultures and ideas of the formerly subordinate. Above all, it
reveals the complex routes by which individuals seek to secure the ‘decoloni-
sation of the mind’.
John M. MacKenzie
[ vii]
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Helen Carris Pro-Warden Academic at Goldsmiths College. In 1996 she pub-
lished two monographs: Inventing the American Primitive, 1789–1936 and
Jean Rhys. She is co-editor of Women: a cultural review.
Mary Chamberlain is Professor of Modern Social History at Oxford Brookes
University and has written widely on Caribbean migration, Caribbean families,
on oral history and on Caribbean culture, with a particular focus on Barbados.
Her recent work includes Narratives of Exile and Return (1997); Caribbean
Migration, Globalised Identities(editor, 1998); Narrative and Genre(co-editor
with Paul Thompson, 1998); and Caribbean Families in the Transatlantic
World(co-editor with Harry Goulbourne, 2001).
Alison Donnell is senior lecturer in postcolonial literatures at Nottingham
Trent University. She has published widely on Caribbean’s women’s writing
and is co-editor of the Routledge Reader in Caribbean Literature (1996) and
editor of the Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture(2002). She is
also joint editor of Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies.
Glyne Griffith is Associate Professor of English at Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. He is the author of Deconstruction, Imperialism and
the West Indian Novel (1996) and editor of Caribbean Cultural Identities
(2001); he is also completing a book on the BBC’s Caribbean Voices. He is an
editorial board member of Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism.
Catherine Hall is Professor of Modern British Social and Cultural History at
University College, London. She is the co-author of Family Fortunes (1987;
second edition 2002) and the author of Civilising Subjects: metropole and
colony in the English imagination, 1830–1867 (2002). She is an editor of
History Workshop Journal.
Stephen Howe is tutor in politics at Ruskin College, Oxford. His books include
Anticolonialism in British Politics (1993), Afrocentrism (1998), Ireland and
Empire(2000) and Empire: a very short introduction(2002).
Louis Jamesis Emeritus Professor at the University of Kent. He taught at the
University of the West Indies, Jamaica, in the early 1960s and was later actively
involved in the Caribbean Artists Movement. He has written widely on
Caribbean literature, most recently in Caribbean Literature in English(1999).
Winston James is Associate Professor of History, Columbia University. He is
the author of A Fierce Hatred of Injustice: Claude McKay’s Jamaica and his
[ viii]
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
poetry of rebellion(2000) and Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean
radicalism in early twentieth-century America(1998), which won the Gordon
K. Lewis Memorial Award for Caribbean Scholarship of the Caribbean Studies
Association. He is also the co-editor of Inside Babylon: the Caribbean diaspora
in Britain (1993). He is currently at work on Claude McKay: the making of a
Black Bolshevik, 1889–1923.
David Killingraywas for several years a schoolteacher in Britain and Tanzania.
In 1998 he was appointed Professor of Modern History at Goldsmiths College.
His most recent books as editor or author are The West Indies. British docu-
ments on the end of empire (1999), Guardians of Empire(2000), The Spanish
Flu Pandemic of 1918–19: new perspectives (2003). He was joint editor of
African Affairs from 1990–2002. He is currently writing a study of Harold
Moody and the League of Coloured Peoples.
Bill Schwarz teaches in the Department of Media and Communications at
Goldsmiths College. He is an editor of History Workshop Journal.
Sue Thomasis the author of The Worlding of Jean Rhys (1999), co-author (with
Ann Blake and Leela Gandhi) of England Through Colonial Eyes in Twentieth-
Century Fiction(2001), and compiler of Elizabeth Robins (1862–1952): a bib-
liography (1994), and many other titles in the Victorian Fiction Research
Guides Series. She has published extensively on nineteenth- and twentieth-
century women’s writing and decolonising literatures. She is Reader in English
in the School of Communication, Arts and Critical Enquiry at La Trobe
University, Melbourne.
[ ix]
