West African Journal of Industrial & Academic Research & Academic Research

141 Pages·2014·3.54 MB·English

West African Journal of Industrial & academic research
Vol.11 No.1. June, 2014
WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll

&&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh

EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg,, TTeecchhnnoollooggyy RReesseeaarrcchh aanndd PPrroodduuccttiioonn
•• Modelling of a Small Scale Waste Water Treatment Plant (SSWWTPOgbonnaya, 3
AA.. Ezenwa Anyanwu, Chukwudi. C and Ndukwe Chinedu

CCoommppuuttiinngg,, IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn TTeecchhnnoollooggyy RReesseeaarrcchh && PPrroodduuccttiioonn

•• Machine Translation of Noun Phrases from English to Igala using the Rule-Based Approach 17
Sani Felix Ayegba1, Osuagwu O.E
• Analytical Assessment of The Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Human Population
Edebatu Dominic , Osuagwu Oliver E. , Ekwonwune Emmanuel Nwabuee,Chijioke Amaka, 26
Immaculata3, Ifeanyi Reuben Nkechi Jecinta
• An Overview of the Development Principles, Stages and Building Blocks of Expert System 40
Ele, Sylvester I. , Umoh, E. E and Adesola, W. A.1
• A Model of Virtual Organization for Corporate Visibility and Competitiveness 53
Chinedu, Paschal Uchenna, Joon, Ow Tuc, Nworuh, Godwin E; Osuagwu, Oliver E and Ahaiwe, Josiah.
• Singularity is the Future of ICT Research 75
Osuagwu O.E, Ndigwe Chinwe,2 Uzoma Peter O., Nwanjo C.I., Duru Rosetta
Okwuchi, Ogbonna Dave

MMaatthheemmaattiiccss,, SSttaattiissttiiccss,, EEccoonnoommeettrriiccss aanndd OOppeerraattiioonnss RReesseeaarrcchh
• A Mathematical Model for Stock Price Forecasting 83
Ogwuche O.I1, Odekule M.R, Egwurube M.O
• Statistical Analysis of Lottery Winning Strategies: A Case Study of Oyo State Lottery, Nigeria 97
Oluwatoyin B. Oyeleke and Oluwaseun A. Otekunrin
• An Econometric Examination of Growth, Unemployment and Poverty In Nigeria 107
Anuolam Moses O. 1 and Anuforo E.E

MMaannaaggeemmeenntt,, EEdduuccaattiioonn && SSoocciiaall SScciieennccee RReesseeaarrcchh
• Road Transportation and Traffic Law Enforcement in Nigeria:
A case study of the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) 123
Gana A. J., Emmanuel J. A.

EEEEddddiiiittttoooorrrr----iiiinnnn----CCCChhhhiiiieeeeffff: PPrrooffeessssoorr OO..EE.. OOssuuaaggwwwwuu,, DD..SScc,, FFNNCCSS,, FFBBCCSS

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 1
West African Journal of Industrial & academic research
Vol.11 No.1. June, 2014
WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll

& Academic Research
Publications Office: International office:
9-14 mbonu Ojike Street 255 North D Street
Ikenegbu, Owerri, Nigeria San Bernardino,
Tel: [phone] CA 92401
www.wajiaredu.com 909.884.9000

Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Oliver E. Osuagwu, DSc CS, PhD IT, FNCS, FIMIS, FBCS CITP, MIEEE, MACM

EEEEddddiiiittttoooorrrriiiiaaaallll BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd:::: Prof Tony B.E. Ogiemien, PhD, BL, (USA), Engr. Prof E. Anyanwu, Ph.D, FNSE, Prof. G. Nworuh, PhD,, Dr. B. C. Ashiegbu, PhD ,Prof .E.
Emenyionu, PhD, (Connecticut USA,) , Prof. E.P. Akpan, Ph.D, Engr. Prof. C.D. Okereke, Ph.D, Prof. B.E.B. Nwoko, Ph.D, Prof. N..N. Onu, PhD, Prof
M.O. Iwuala, PhD, Prof C.E.Akujo, PhD, Prof. G. Okoroafor, PhD, Prof Leah Ojinna, Ph.D (USA), Prof. O. Ibidapo-Obe, PhD, FAS., Prof. E. Adagunodo,
PhD, Prof. J.C .Ododo, PhD, Dan C. Amadi, PhD(English), Prof.(Mrs) S.C. Chiemeke, PhD,FNCS, Prof (Mrs) G. Chukwudebe,PhD, FNSE, Prof. E.N.C.
Okafor, PhD, (Mrs) I. Achumba, PhD, T. Obiringa, PhD, Prof S. Inyama, PhD, Prof. C. Akiyoku, PhD, FNCS, Prof. John Ododo, PhD, Prof. E.
Nwachukwu, Ph.D, FNCS, Prof. S. Anigbogu, PhD,FNCS, Prof. H. Inyama, PhD, FNSE , .Prof. B.N.. Onwuagba, PhD, Prof J..N. Ogbulie, PhD, Prof.
M..M. Ibrahim, PhD, Prince Oghenekaro Asagba, PhD

ccccââââuuuuÄÄÄÄ||||áááá{{{{xxxxwwww uuuuçççç:

OOOOlllllllliiiivvvveeeerrrrssssoooonnnn IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll PPPPuuuubbbblllliiiisssshhhhiiiinnnngggg HHHHoooouuuusssseeee
The Research & Publications Division of Hi-Technology Concepts (WA) Ltd

YYYYÉÉÉÉÜÜÜÜ gggg{{{{xxxx

International Institute for Science, Technology Research & Development, Owerri,
Nigeria & USA

All rights of publication and translation reserved. Permission for the reproduction of text and illustration should be
directed to the Editor-in-Chief @ OIPH, 9-14 Mbonu Ojike Street, Ikenegbu, Owerri, Nigeria or via our email address or
the international office for those outside Nigeria

© IIIIIIIInnnnnnnntttttttteeeeeeeerrrrrrrrnnnnnnnnaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnnaaaaaaaallllllll IIIIIIIInnnnnnnnssssssssttttttttiiiiiiiittttttttuuuuuuuutttttttteeeeeeee ffffffffoooooooorrrrrrrr SSSSSSSScccccccciiiiiiiieeeeeeeennnnnnnncccccccceeeeeeee,,,,,,,, TTTTTTTTeeeeeeeecccccccchhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnoooooooollllllllooooooooggggggggyyyyyyyy RRRRRRRReeeeeeeesssssssseeeeeeeeaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrcccccccchhhhhhhh &&&&&&&& DDDDDDDDeeeeeeeevvvvvvvveeeeeeeellllllllooooooooppppppppmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnntttttttt,,,,,,,, [[[[[[[[IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIISSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTRRRRRRRRDDDDDDDD]]]]]]]]
OOOOOOOOwwwwwwwweeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrrrrrrriiiiiiii,,,,,,,, NNNNNNNNiiiiiiiiggggggggeeeeeeeerrrrrrrriiiiiiiiaaaaaaaa////////UUUUUUUUSSSSSSSSAAAAAAAA

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 2
Modelling of a Small Scale Waste Water Treatment Plant
(SSWWTP
)

Ogbonnaya, A. Ezenwa1, Anyanwu, Chukwudi. C2 and NdukweChinedu2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering / Marine Engineering,Niger Delta University,
P. M. B 071 Wilbforce Island,Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Email: [email protected]
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,
UmudikeUmuahia, Abia State. Tel: [phone]. Email:[email protected]

Abstract
One of the most important environmental problems faced by the world today is waste handling and
management, due to variation in waste water with respect to homes. The two main treatment
methods used here are the aerobic and the anaerobic treatment process. The processes are brought
together to increase the efficiency of the plant. The plant has the capacity of treating the wastewater
with high chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), settleable and non-
settleable solids coupled with some other impurities. It was achieved by introducing some
microorganism in its granular form into the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) tank and
aerator at the sequence batch reactor (SBR) tank so that the non settleable solids could settle at the
settling tank. From the analytical result of ten samples used, it was observed that seven out of ten
have high COD (red in colour) while the remaining samples have the normal COD range for
domestic waste.The average COD removal efficiencyat the UASB was 64% while that at the SBR
was 14%. Thus, the general performance efficiency of the plant is 78.4% which is the average COD
removal efficiency at 100% evaluation.
Keywords:Influent tank, Equalization tank, UASB, SBR, Settling tank, Biodegradation process.

Every community produces solids, liquids potentially may be mutagenic or
and gaseous wastes; liquid waste commonly carcinogenic [4].
comes in the form of waste water, which is Despite the fact that wastewater is a major
99.99% water and 0.01% of impure source of pollution it is considered a
substances. Waste water is generated from sustainable and valuable resource that
the discharge of used hazardous liquid waste should be collected, treated to acceptable
into the surrounding water. When untreated standards. It is not only the preservation of
wastewater accumulates into a septic, the the environment and groundwater aquifers,
decomposition of its organic composition but also to conserve and augment the water
leads to the production of malodorous gases, resources (reuse). For these reasons, the
poisonous and hazardous substances [7]. In immediate and nuisance free removal of
addition, untreated waste water contains waste water from its source of generation
numerous pathogens that could survive in a followed by treatment, reuse or dispersal
living cell. It also contains nutrient, which into the environment it say to protect public
can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants, health and the environment [1].
and could contain toxic compounds that The reuse of treated wastewater, mainly
for agricultural irrigation, would promote

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 3
water conservation through replacement of To identify conditions under which a
fresh water reallocated for domestic use certain number of waste water can be
from different waste. This would also result connected to a single small-scale waste
in guaranteed regular supplies of fresh water water treatment plant (economic, technical
to the citizens. The dispersed pattern in this and social viability).
country makes it economically unfeasible to To design a model for this waste water
construct wastewater collection networks treatment plant
and centralized wastewater treatment plants. Reduce water born disease and high acidic
On-Site small scale wastewater treatment nature of water
plants, respond to the needs and conditions To enhance aquatic lives
of rural localities. They can solve the
wastewater collection and disposal problems Problem Statement
in such communities, along with the benefit The need for waste water treatment plant
of generating a water resource that can be increases, due to the scarcity or shortage of
utilized for agricultural purpose. As looking water available, high level of industrial and
forward it becomes obvious that in the domestic waste discharge into the
interest of sustainability as well as surrounding water, coupled with lack of
fundamental economic efficiency, one must compliance to health, safety and
view waste water as a raw material to be environmental policy. These have led to loss
conserved. Clean water is a scare of lives and properties including aquatic
commodity and should be treated, so it must lives. Hence the waste water treatment plant
be conserved and reused. The organic is needed in order to make the waste water
compounds in waste water are the source of useful to the environment.
energy. Future effort will be focus on
improving the efficiency of energy used in Design Criteria
the waste water [3]. The preliminary criteria of the small-scale
wastewater project, given its objectives, will
Aim be determined by careful consideration of
The aim of this project is to bring into what is of upmost important when making
existence a Small Scale Waste Water wastewater technological choices. The
Treatment Plant that can convert a waste Prioritization of criteria was done, after
water with high Chemical Oxygen Demand which its assessment for better evaluation is
(COD) and high Biological Oxygen Demand carried out. General assumptions will be
(BOD) to pure water [8]. made to keep a clear focus on the project
objectives for if not the choice of technology
Objectives would be restricted. The criteria that would
This project is designed to provide a be necessary are as follows:
comprehensive study to establish guidelines
for their application. The objectives of the Topography
project can be summarized as follows: Topography or slope of an area has an
To identify appropriate waste water influence over the type of technology chosen
treatment technologies (e.g. treatment by and these conditions change from one site to
plants, high-loaded treatment lagoons, the next. Some areas have a topography that
community septic tanks). allows easier implementation of wastewater

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 4
technologies than others. The type of sustainability of chosen technology relies on
wastewater technologies chosen with the proper workings of the two [8].
consideration of topographic conditions may
work more efficiently as with these technical Materials and Methods
considerations in mind they become more The Influent tank consists of a metal sheet
effective. Topographic conditions are to be welded into a cylindrical drum with height
considered as a criterion [8]. of 63cm, diameter of 52cm and thickness of
5mm. Then the actual diameter is 51cm (i.e.
Materials radius of 25.5cm).
The materials that will be used in the
Where, , (i)
construction of the facility will be carefully
, (ii)
selected to assure a proper and a reliable
unit. The first idea was to use fibre glass but Area =
due to the elevation costs of imported fibre Area =
materials and to the lack of local sources, it
, (iii)
was preceded trying other market available
alternatives. Plastic might be an available
Volume =
and appropriate option due to a combination
of reasons, including its corrosion control The Equalization tank is a metal sheet
abilities, its light weight, its low cost, its welded to a cylindrical tank with height of
strength-to-weight ratio, and other unique 63.5cm, diameter of 52cm and thickness of
properties but cannot be fabricated [2] 0.5cm. Then the actual diameter of the tank
is 51cm (i.e. radius of 25.5cm)
Operation and maintenance Where,
It will be assumed that a certain degree of
Therefore,
maintenance is required and also a skilled
workforce to perform maintenance and Area
operational duties when needed. Although
the operation and maintenance of the system The
may be reviewed from time to time by the
Volume
relevant parties, it is most often left to the
department themselves in the long run. To
overcome this, proper maintenance and
The Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
operation training is made available to
(UASB) tank is a closed cylindrical tank
certain people who are responsible for this
with a hemispherical base welded
duty.
eccentrically inside an open cylindrical tank
Sometimes mechanical equipment is
with the open cylinder height of 62cm,
imported and when parts need repair or
diameter of 52.5cm and thickness of 0.5cm.
replacement, they are not available locally
Then the actual diameter of the tank is
so the system becomes non-operational for a
51.5cm (i.e. radius of 25.75cm)
period of time. This criterion is placed here
because maintenance and operation are Where,
important and need to be considered when
Therefore,
making a technological choice because the

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 5
r where d (smaller diameter) is 31cm
r = 15.5cm

Where, h is 11.5cm. Therefore the volume is

While the closed cylindrical tank (which has

a hemispherical base). The cylinder tank is
40.6cm diameter, height of 52cm and
, (vi)
thickness of 0.4cm, therefore the actual
Settling tank (ST) is a cylindrical metal
diameter of 39.8cm (the radius is 19.9cm).
tank with a frustum of a conical base.
While the hemispherical base diameter is
Therefore,
40.6cm and thickness of 0.4cm. Therefore
the actual diameter is 39.8cm (the radius is
19.9cm).
The
(iv)
Then,

Volume

Weight density and pressure of the
wastewater in the influent and
equalization Tank
The Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) Since it is domestic waste, the density of
system consists of a tank, aeration and the wastewater is roughly the same with
mixing equipment and pipes that sequence treated water. Therefore the weight density
the different operations. It is possible, or specific weight of the wastewater is
however, for an engineer to design an SBR written as
system, as all required tanks, equipment. It , (vii)
is a cylindrical metal tank with a frustum of
Since the volumes of the tanks are already
a conical base.
determined and the density is the same as
that of clean or treated water at the
wastewater temperature (by interpolation)
the wastewater has a density equivalent to
990.1 kg/m3
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2001);
(v) W (influent
Where, tank)
W (equalization tank)

R , where D (bigger diameter) is 51cm
Therefore the pressure is:
R = 25.5cm
Thus, Pressure (viii)

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 6
Pipe Entrance 1 0.05 0.05
This is the pressure in Newton per meter 90 Bend 5 0.5 3.75
square.
(short radius)

Pipe outlet 1 0.2 0.2
The area of the equalization tank is:
Total 4.2
; While the weight

density by interpolation is ,

Therefore the pressure exerted is [5]
Pressure exerted in the equalization tank Therefore
Then,
Where ρ is the density of the wastewater For 30 liters of waste water:
which is the same as the clean or treated
water; g is the acceleration due to gravity

which is equal to 9.81 m/s2 and h is the
Then,
height of the wastewater.
Since it is 60 liters that is needed;

Then,
Selection of pump
Then,
The total head can be gotten as,
(ix) The quantity of flow, (xii)
Where A is the area of the pipe and V is the
Or (x)
velocity passing through the pipe
The static head is the physical change in Therefore,
elevation between the surface of the
(xiii)
reservoir and the point of discharge into the
receiving tank. Where and d is the diameter of the
Where, (xi)
pipe which is 0.0254m
, is associated with the fittings used
Then
in the pipe works of the system to pump the
water from reservoir to the receiving tank.
Values can be obtained from standard tables Therefore
and a total K fittings value can be calculated
by adding all the K fittings values for each

individual fitting within the system.
Table 1 shows the calculation of K fittings
for the system (SSWWTP) under Where is associated with the straight
consideration: length pipe which is used within the system

and is defined as, (xiv)
Table 1: The calculating for the
Where
system under consideration
Fittings items No of Item
Items Total
Values

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 7
Where (xv) There will also be a pressure loss in the flow
due to leakages in the flow,
Where V is the velocity which is 1.29 m/s
Therefore (xvii)
D is the diameter which is 0.0254 m
And v is the kinematic viscosity which is
Therefore

Therefore,

The frictional coefficient,
Then,
(xvi) Since the pressure loss is small it can be
neglected.

The value for k is gotten from the Muddy Power requirement to drive the impeller
diagram which is plotted against the Under turbulent hydraulic conditions (i.e.,
diameter of the pipe (0.0254 m) at the cast when the Reynolds number is greater than
iron range. Therefore the value for k is 0.01 105), the following formula can be used to
determine the power requirements of an
impeller mixer where P = power
Then,
requirement, N-m/s,
ρ = density of the fluid, kg/m3,

KT= constant dependent on impeller size
Therefore,
and shape,

n = impeller revolutions per second, S-1,
Then, D = diameter of impeller, m.
Therefore, (xviii)
Some of the typical KT values for design

purposes are given Therefore, the diameter
of the Turbine impeller is generally one
This will give,
third of the tank diameter. So the sequencing
Then
batch reactor one diameter is 51cm. then the
Where diameter of the impeller

Where, .
is

Then,
The impeller revolution per minute is
assumed to be 450 rpm, therefore the
And,
revolutions per seconds is .

Then, let the density of the waste water at
Therefore,
that temperature is 1000kg/m3. The value
Since it is at this head the pump selected is
for KT Turbine (for six flat blades) is 6.30.
fit for pumping the tank.

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 8
This implies that: d= 0.015m, d = 0.023m and the thickness
i o
is 0.4cm.
Therefore
Then,

Therefore

Design of the shaft (Shaft design)
Since the shaft needed is subjected to Finally,
twisting moment only; therefore
Then the radius, , d is 2.3cm
o

And
(xix)

T = twisting moment acting upon the shaft. Then the twisting moment of inertia T is
The twisting moment is gotten from the given by
equation below:
(xx) Therefore, [6]
Where P is the power generated or used by
the prime mover Where n is 930 rpm, P is 377.37 watts
And n is the speed of the shaft in rpm
J = polar moment of inertia of the shaft Then,
about the axis of rotation.
By calculation,
; If it is a solid shaft (xxi)
Therefore,
; If it is a hollow shaft (xxii)
Then
Where, d is the diameter of the solid shaft;
Where
d is the outer diameter of the hollow shaft
o ,
and d is the inner diameter of the shaft.
i
and
Since the shaft that will be used is a hollow
shaft, the equation (xxii) is used (xxiii)
τ = torsional shear stress
r = distance from neutral axis to the Then
outermost fibre and it is gotten from this
equation:

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 9
handled. Thus, if the impeller is run in air,
negligible pressure will be produced because
a very less density of air and hence no liquid
will be lifted by the pump.
Thus, it is very essential to prime the
pump properly and it should be noted that
during priming, delivery valve is kept
closed. After priming, the delivery valve is
still kept closed and prime mover (electric
motor) is powered to rotate the impeller. The
rotation of the impeller in the casing filled of
liquid produces centrifugal head in the liquid
and thus, pressure in the whole liquid is
increased. After a short period when
pumpattains a constant speed, delivery valve

is gradually opened thus the liquid is
Fig. 1: Detailed view of the Small Scale
allowed to flow in a radially outward
Waste Water Treatment Plant
direction though the impeller vanes and
(SSWWTP)
attains a higher velocity and pressure at the

outer periphery. With the help of special
Operational Procedure
shape of casing (Volute, Vortex or Diffuser),
The waste water is allowed to flow into
this high velocity energy is converted into
the influent thank through the screening
pressure energy and reduces high velocity.
phase. The screener is designed with
Priming is done in any operation that has
seaving net of about 0.5mm wide. This is
to do with pumping action with a centrifugal
simply to prevent the introduction of solid
pump.
particles above 0.5mm into the influent tank.
The equalization process is meant to last
As the water enters the influent tank, the
for 30minutes or more. After the
effluent tap of the tank is opened and the
equalization process, the fluid is transferred
water is allowed to flow into the
to the UASB with the aid of the same pump
equalization tank under gravity. Priming is
and proper control of the on/off valves as
carried out on the pump before running the
indicated in the operational manual,
pump for the purpose of pH equalization at
alongside with the intermittent dosing of
the equalization tank. In any pumping
acid or alkali depending on the
system, the role of the pump is to provide
concentration of the waste water as its
sufficient pressure to overcome the
reading appears in the pH meter. This
operating pressure of the system to move
process was adopted in order to neutralize
fluid at a required flow rate.
the acidity or alkalinity state of the waste
In priming, water is filled in the suction
water to be treated. Immediately the
pipe, casing and into portion of delivery
equalization process is completed, the inlet
pipe, this is done for the removal of air.
valve of the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge
With the presence of air, it is not possible to
Blanket (UASB) is opened as the inlet valve
create pressure because the pressure
to the equalization tank is closed. This open
generated by the impeller is directly
and close action of the UASB and
proportional to the density of the liquid to be

WWWWeeeesssstttt AAAAffffrrrriiiiccccaaaannnn JJJJoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuussssttttrrrriiiiaaaallll &&&& AAAAccccaaaaddddeeeemmmmiiiicccc RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh VVVVoooollll....11111111 NNNNoooo....1111 JJJJuuuunnnneeee 2222000011114444 10