Weed control methods for public health applications

320 Pages·2018·30.329 MB·English

by  Gangstad, Edward O

Weed Control Methods
for Public Health
Applications
Editor
Edward 0. Gangstad
Aquatic Plant Control Specialist
Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, D.C.
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
First published 1980 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
© 1980 by CRC Press, Inc.
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the
validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the
copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to
publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and
let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com
(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for
a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of
payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Gangstad, Edward O
Weed control methods for public health applications.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Aquatic weeds——Control. 2. Aquatic weeds——
Biological control. 3. Vector control. I. Title.
SB614.G35 628.9 79-9836
ISBN 0-8493-5326-2
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 79009836
Publisher’s Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections
in the original copies may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have
been unable to contact.
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89859-9 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07769-9 (ebk)
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the
CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
PREFACE
This volume includes measures of control of aquatic vegetation that harms human
health, since water-related diseases exist in this environment. Although malaria has
receded internationally due to the combined chemotherapeutic-insecticidal programs,
recently it has resisted both medicines and insecticide control. Active malaria cases in
the U.S. were fewer than a dozen before the Vietnam War, but in 1973 the figure was
about 700, almost all traceable to returning military personnel. The disease could again
become prevalent. Other diseases exist whose transmission is indirectly affected by
aquatic weed conditions including filariasis, and various trematodiases, especially from
the schistosomes, Chinese liver fluke, cattle liver fluke, Guinea worm, giant intestinal
fluke, Asiatic lung fluke, and broad tapeworm. Waterweeds also support disease-pest
arthropods, i.e., snipe flies, tabanids (horse, gad, deer, and greenheads), Clear Lake
gnats, May flies, black flies, sand flies, and sewage flies.
Ecosystem studies of impounded water research and development of herbivorous
fish, and utilization of herbivorous fish in China, are also included in this volume.
Edward 0. Gangstad
THE EDITOR
Dr. E. 0. Gangstad, Aquatic Plant Control Specialist, transferred to the Office of
the Chief of Engineers in October of 1966 from the Texas Research Foundation, Dal
las, where he was employed as Principal Agronomist of the Hoblitzelle Agricultural
Laboratory. Dr. Gangstad was graduated from the University of Wisconsin with an
M.A. in Biochemistry (1947) and from Rutgers University with a Ph.D. in Agronomy
(1950) and minors in Plant Pathology and Plant Physiology.
During the past 25 years he has established an outstanding career in the environmen
tal and biological fields and has over 80 scientific publications. He is a contributor to
the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Agronomy Journal, Crop Science, Journal of
Heredity, Weed Science, Crops and Soils, Tropical Agriculture, Turrialba, Soil Science
Society of Florida. Hoblitzelle Agricultural Bulletin, Wrightia, Hyacinth Control Jour
nal, Environmental Quality Journal, and the Journals of the American Society of Civil
Engineers.
Dr. Gangstad's experience includes research and field studies on the physiology and
pathology of plants at the Universities of Wisconsin and New Jersey; research and
development studies on strategic long-vegetable fibers and related programs in Florida
with the United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Naval Research, and De
partment of Defense; and agrobusiness studies to develop renewable natural resources
of the State of Texas with the Texas Research Foundation and management of natural
resources for the Department of the Army.
Dr. Gangstad is listed in American Men of Science, Leaders in Science, American
Men of Achievement and the International Who's Who of Intellectuals.
IN MEMORIAM
Lyle W. Weldon
Dr. Lyle W. Weldon, one of the nation's foremost aquatic weed researchers,
drowned February I, 1970 while scuba diving in Lake Susannah on the Naval Training
Base at Orlando, Florida. He was investigating suitable sites to conduct submersed
weed research at the time of his death.
Dr. Weldon, native of Oregon, had worked for the USDA since 1965. After four
years at Laramie, Wyoming, he transferred to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1960 to
work in aquatic weeds on cooperative studies of the U .S.D.A. and the Army Corps
of Engineers. He earned a B.S. degree in Farm Crops from Oregon State University
in 1955, the M.S. degree in Agronomy with minor in Botany from the University of
Wyoming in 1965, and Ph.D. in Agronomy with minor in Plant Physiology and Statis
tics also from Wyoming in 1959. He took additional graduate work at North Carolina
State College and at Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies.
Dr. Weldon authored or co-authored some 90 articles and a handbook. Many of
these articles were published in Weed Science and Hyacinth Control Journal. Dr. Wel
don was active in several regional and national organizations. He was chairman of the
outstanding program sessions of the Aquatic and Marginal Weed Section at the Weed
Science Society of America meeting in 1968 and was, for several years, a member of
the Program Committee of the Southern Weed Conference. He helped organize the
Hyacinth Control Society and, in 1969, received a citation for four years of outstand
ing service as editor of the Hyacinth Control Journal. Dr. Weldon had acted as an
aquatic weed control consultant to the governor of the Panama Canal Zone and to
the Suriname Aluminum Company on aquatic weed problems in South America. He
was a Kiwanis Club member and a member of the Governor's Aquatic Weed and
Research Committee in the State of Florida.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I: Aquatic Plant Survey and Assessment
Chapter 1
Aquatic Weeds and Man's Well-Being ........................................ 3
Introduction ............................................................ 3
Specific Problems ....................................................... 4
Water Supply and Pollution ............................................ 4
Taste-Odor Problem in Water Supply .................................... 4
Toxic Shellfish and Fish ................................................ 5
Health-Related Arthropods ............................................ 6
Malaria ........................................................... 6
Arboviruses .......................................................... 6
Worm Diseases ....................................................... 7
Beneficial Seaweeds ..................................................... 9
Importance of Aquatic Snail Control ....................................... 9
References ............................................................. 12
Chapter 2
Control of Snail-Borne Parasitic Diseases ..................................... 15
Introduction ........................................................... 15
Development of Controlled-Release Formulations ........................... 16
Controlled-Release Principles .......................................... 17
Formulation ......................................................... 18
Laboratory and Small-Scale Field Evaluations ............................ 18
Conventional Chemical Control ........................................2 0
Economic Considerations .............................................2 1
Summary and Conclusions ............................................... 23
References ............................................................. 24
Chapter 3
Aquatic Weed Problems in the Panama Canal .................................2 7
Introduction ........................................................... 27
Aquatic Plant Survey .................................................... 27
Floating Aquatic Plants .................................................2 8
Submersed Aquatic Plants ............................................... 30
Mosquito Control Problems .............................................. 30
Manatee Research ...................................................... 31
Chemical Control. ...................................................... 33
New Construction ...................................................... 34
References ............................................................. 36
Chapter4
Aquatic Weed Problems of Puerto Rico ...................................... 37
Introduction ........................................................... 37
Biological Control ...................................................... 38
Watershed Areas ....................................................... 38
Rio Grande de Loiza .................................................. 38
Rio de Bayamon ..................................................... 39
Rio de La Plata ...................................................... 39
Rio Grande de Manati ................................................ 39
Rio Grande de Arecibo ................................................ 39
Chemical and Mechanical Control. ....................................... .40
References ............................................................ .43
Chapter 5
Remote Sensing of Aquatic Plants .......................................... .45
Introduction .......................................................... .45
The Need for Monitoring ............................................. .45
Water Loss from Aquatic Plant Infestation .............................. .46
Remote Sensing Test Program ........................................... .47
Theory of Remote Sensing in the Visible and Near-Infrared Ranges .......... 47
Spectral Response of Photographic Films ............................. .47
Film Qualities other than Spectral Sensitivity .......................... .49
Test Methodology .................................................... 50
Equipment ....................................................... 50
Test Area ......................................................... 50
Procedures ....................................................... 51
Evolution of Technique ............................................... 52
Initial Image Quality ............................................... 53
Reticulation ...................................................... 53
Film Procurement ................................................. 53
Film Storage ...................................................... 53
Value of Color Film ................................................ 53
Improper Exposure Settings ......................................... 54
Exposure Determination ............................................ 54
Choice of Lens Focal Length ........................................ 55
Spectral Response of Different Films ................................. 55
Beneficial Effects of Overexposure ................................... 56
Discrimination of Species .............................................. 56
Water Hyacinth ................................................... 56
Potamogeton ..................................................... 58
Duckweed ........................................................ 58
The Submersed Species ............................................. 58
Appearance of Eurasian Watermilfoil .............................. 59
Appearance of Coontail .......................................... 59
Appearance of Hydrilla .......................................... 59
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Herbicide Test ................. 60
Photography over Lake Conroe ................................... 61
Overall Effectiveness of the Method .................................. 61
Analysis of Aquatic Plant Characteristics ................................ 61
Water Hyacinth ...................................................6 2
Potamogeton .....................................................6 2
Duckweed ........................................................ 62
Watermilfoil ...................................................... 63
Coontail ......................................................... 63
Hydrilla .......................................................... 63
Summary of Results .....................................................6 4
References .............................................................6 6
Chapter6
Environmental Policy in the Corps of Engineers ............................... 67
Background and History ................................................. 67
Environmental Mission .................................................. 70
Environmental Decisions ................................................ 71
Environmental Impact Statements ......................................... 73
Plan Formulation and EIS Process ........................................ 75
Public Participation ..................................................... 77
Interdisciplinary Teams and Management .................................. 79
Appropriate Methodologies .............................................. 80
Mitigation ............................................................. 81
Habitat Evaluation ..................................................... 84
Environmental Litigation ................................................ 86
Evolution of EIS ....................................................... 87
Summary .............................................................. 89
References ............................................................. 91
Part II: Ecosystem Studies of Impounded Water
Chapter 7
Comparative Concentrations of Nutrients in an Aquatic Ecosystem ............... 95
Introduction ........................................................... 95
Description of River System .............................................. 95
Data Collection ........................................................ 95
Results and Discussions .................................................. 97
Filtered Water and Suspended Matter Composition .......................... 97
Summary ............................................................ 101
References ........................................................... 101
Chapter 8
Input, Storage, and Output of Plant Nutrients ............................... 103
Introduction .......................................................... 103
Location and Description of the Study Area ............................... 105
Data Collection Techniques ............................................. 106
Results and Discussion ................................................. I 07
Summary ............................................................ 112
References ........................................................... 112
Chapter9
Aquatic Plant Succession in Lake Seminole .................................. 113
Introduction .......................................................... 113
Tolerable Species Concept .............................................. 114
Desirable Species Concept .............................................. 115
Aquatic Plant Survey 1957 to 1965 ....................................... 116
Aquatic Plant Survey 1965 to 1975 ....................................... 117
Aquatic Plant Control Operations ....................................... 118
References ........................................................... 120
Chapter 10
Ecology of Hydrilla verticillata ............................................ 121
Introduction .......................................................... 121
Research Objectives ................................................... 121
History of Area ....................................................... 121
Study Procedure ...................................................... 122
Drawdown Effects .................................................... 123
Water Quality ...................................................... 123
Light ............................................................. 123
Plant Composition and Density ....................................... 124
Plant Analyses ..................................................... 128
Summary of Effects ................................................... 128
References ........................................................... 132
Chapter 11
Ecology of Cabomba caroliniana ........................................... 133
Introduction .......................................................... 133
Description of the Plant ................................................ 134
Program of Research .................................................. 134
Water Level Manipulation ........................................... 136
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ......................................... 136
Turbidity .......................................................... 136
Growth and Reproduction Capability .................................... 138
Productivity ....................................................... 138
Nutrient Uptake .................................................... 138
Pollination ........................................................ 138
Sexual Reproduction ................................................ 138
Water Fluctuation Studies .............................................. 139
Drawdown ......................................................... 139
Vegetative Analysis ................................................. 139
Chemical Analysis .................................................. 140
Drawdown Effects .................................................... 140
Vegetative Analysis ................................................. 140
Summary of Effects ................................................... 144
References ........................................................... 146
Part III: Research and Development Studies for the Control of Hydrilla with Herbiv
orous Fish
Chapter 12
Herbivorous Fish for Aquatic Plant Control ................................. 149
Introduction .......................................................... 149
Review of Research .................................................... 149
Research in Arkansas ................................................ 150
Research in Florida ................................................. 150
Research in Georgia ................................................. 151
Research in Alabama ................................................ 152
Weed Management in California ...................................... 153
Problems in Research and Development .................................. 153
Summary ............................................................ 154
Reference ............................................................ 154
Chapter 13
Comparative Evaluation of the White Amur and Common Carp Upon Aquatic Eco-
systems ................................................................ 15 5
Introduction .......................................................... 155
Research Procedures ................................................... 155